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Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is a profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, like houses, buildings, roads, etc. A Civil Engineer is an engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities.
4,921 Questions
Toll to cross the Goethals bridge?
Yes, as with the Holland Tunnel, you pay the toll when traveling from NJ to NY. No toll when traveling from NY to NJ.
Is PK Institute of technology hathras road sonai result 1 semi mathura?
name-Gaurav kumar
rool no-2005345
What are the materials of the Sundial Bridge?
I don't know. I was looking for the answer to this and nobody knows the answer?
Help!
It's a building with no basement. The building is erected on a concrete "slab" or pad.
Think of Civil Engineering as all the manmade construction you see when you look out a tall building. As for cars, power plants, machinery, equipment, industrial processes, technology think Mechanical Engineering. The fundamentals of the class are the same, but the problems and solutions are oriented toward the specialty.
How did street' originate in the plumbing term street ell?
A "street ell" may have gotten it's name because it describes a 90˚ fitting particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell. A "street ell" may have gotten it's name because it describes a 90˚ fitting particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell.
When was the Abercynon suspension bridge built and how and when was it destroyed?
The suspension bridge (swinging bridge to us who used it) was built for the miners from the Carnetown area to get to Abercynon colliery. It was destroyed because it became unsafe. I'm afraid I don't know the exact dates but I can hazard a guess that it was built in the beginning of the 20th century & was demolished in the late 1940`s or early 1950`s
Further information:
The Bridge was apparently built in 1898. The bridge became unsafe due to flooding in 1942 (some sources say it was destroyed). However the exact date of demolition is unclear as other sources suggest that the bridge deck was replaced in the early 50's suggesting it remained intact until then.
Please see the related links.
What is meaning of UC and UB in steel section codes?
Universal Columns (UC) and Universal Beams (UB) are refered to as "I Sections" or "H Sections". The differenciation in UB and UC lies in their Depth to With ratio. The depth of UB is greater than its width and difference is quite big, making it easy to spot. Unlike a universal beam, the UC's width is roughly equal to their depth.
The increased depth in case of UB results in higher loading capabilities than UCs, however there is not always enough space to use a UB. An example is a 203 x 133 UB 30. The first number is the depth of the beam, the second is the width and the last number is the weight (in this case 30) per metre in kilograms. Again, by multiplying the total beam length in metres by the weight per metre we can quickly work out what is the total weight of the beam.
Universal columns are the most often used section for structural steel purposes. A 152 UC 23 is 152 mm wide and 152 mm deep. The last number (23 in this example) is the weight per metre in kilograms. Universal columns are mainly used for columns, however their small depth compared to universal beams make them ideal load bearing members when height is limited (which is quite often the case in residential projects).
What is the salary in Denmark for the civil engineers with 6 years of experience?
based on information reported on PayScale a civil engineer with 6 years of experience in Denmark would be paid 60000 euros
What can be use to repair concrete ceiling crack?
Most concrete roofs follow a similar type of construction. A 10–13 cm thick slab of reinforced concrete with a thin 3-5 cm thick layer of cement on the top. This cement layer is known as a "screed", its purpose is not to waterproof the roof. It is installed to provide a smooth sloping surface so the roof will drain correctly towards the drainage points thereby avoiding water "pooling" on the roof.
This type of problem mostly happens to the flat concrete roofs as they are locally constructed. We need to identify precisely where the roof is leaking. It may be useful to expose the roof slab from underneath by removing part of the ceiling below to accurately identify the point of water penetration.
Once found, the leak must be fully sealed. This should be done from above as we want to prevent water from getting in. It is very difficult to seal it from below.
Attempting to seal the screed is not easy. One crack is all that needed to allow water to penetrate under the screed and from there it may reach large areas of the roof underneath. You will need a Waterseal Crack filler Kit. It is an easy and Permanent solution for roof leakage.
Step -1
Use a Hand Scraper Or angle Grinder and remove any residue from Cracks. So Chemical can be filled in it.
Step -2
Fill the Cracks using Needle Container or Plastic Cup. Mixing Ratio ( 1 Part Waterseal Psv + 1 Part Crack Powder )
Step – 3
Fill the Crack Groove with mixed filler using Putty-knife ( 1 Part Waterseal Psv + 2 Part Crack Powder )
Step – 4
Seal Crack by Placing FRP Powder Mat over the crack joint using Paintbrush. ( 1 Part Waterseal Psv + 1 Part Crack Powder )
What is exactly mechanical anchor in civil engineering?
A mechanical anchor is a load-carrying device that does not depend on glue or resin to support the loads. An example is a simple steel screw fixed into a wooden post to hold up the weight of a picture. However, the term "mechanical anchor" usually refers to a steel device which is fixed into a hole in a concrete beam or slab. The steel anchor resists load by a combination of friction and mechanical interlock with the concrete surface within the hole. The steel anchor contains some mechanism within itself to press the sides of the anchor (which are often toothed) into the concrete.
What does the prefix 'excavate' mean?
Excavate is not a prefix; it is a word. It does contain the prefix "ex-" which means "out" in this instance.
air force center for excellence
The Channel Tunnel is the undersea railway tunnel under the Dover Strait. It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in the north of France.
The tunnel is owned and operated by a company called "Eurotunnel".
What is prestressed spun concrete pile?
- the ultimate capacity for bearing, bond or friction with an adequate factor of safety against failure; or
- the value in relation to bearing, bond or friction such that the maximum deformation or movement induced to the foundation under working loads can be tolerated by the building, any other building, structure, land, street and services.
The allowable capacity may be increased by 25% when such increase is solely due to wind effects. In determining the said factor of safety against failure, due consideration shall be given to the form and depth of the foundation, loading characteristics, the general geological conditions of the ground and its surrounding including the presence of dissolution features, jointing conditions and any other relevant characteristics for rock.
Prestressed Concrete Spun Piles should be driven to relatively stiff stratum with sufficient embedded length in residual soil or decomposed rock in order to develop the high bearing capacity and minimize the amount of long-term settlement. The effect of soil movement and percussion during driving on the stability of any adjacent building, structure, land, street and services should be carefully assessed. Stringent requirements on performance test and quality control are usually required for this type of pile. Where it is necessary to drive the pile into thick layer of stiff soil, steel conical pile shoes with cross stiffener should be used.
Segmented Prestressed Concrete Spun Piles
Large diameter spun concrete piles are often manufactured with centrifugal casting in segments 8 to 16 ft (2.4 to 4.9 m) in length. Longitudinal holes are formed during casting to re ceive post-tensioning strands or wires. Stressing follows assembly of the segments and proper application of the joint sealant material. Such sealing material (generally polyester resin) should be of sufficient thickness to fill all voids be tween surfaces. The pile sections should be brought into contact and held together under compression while the sealing material sets. After completing the prestressing, all tendons should be fully grouted and stress on tendons maintained until the grout develops the required strength. Grouting should follow the procedures outlined in the PCI Recommended Practice
Driven Prestressed Spun Concrete Piles
The high strength prestressed spun concrete piles, commonly driven with hydraulic impact hammers or preferably installed with jacked-in rigs when considering the stricter regulations with respect to noise and vibrations in more urban areas, often offer a competitive choice of foundation system for projects with medium and high loadings. They are widely used in foundations for schools, high-rise buildings, factories, ports, bridges and power plants in this region. In early years, the main construction control for driven piles was mostly based on the measurement of set of each pile coupled with a selected small number of non instrumented static load tests to verify the specified load-settlement requirements. In recent years, with critical evolution in the understanding of the load transfer and bearing behavior of piles mainly through analysis of instrumented full-scale load tests (particularly for bored cast-in-place piles), many engineers can now appreciate that the pile performance is not simply a matter of ultimate load value alone. According to Fleming (1996) some of the basic parameters required for forecasting pile deformation under loads include (a) Ultimate shaft load and its characteristics of transformation to the ground; (b) Ultimate base load; (c) Stiffness of the soil below the pile base; (d) Pile dimensions; and (e) Stiffness of the pile material. This recent development in the understanding of the load transfer and bearing behaviour of piles in fact exerted a significant and positive influence on the evolution of codes of practice and design methods for foundations in some countries. For example, the revised Singapore Standard on Code of Practice for Foundations CP4: 2003, recommends that the static load test on preliminary test pile be instrumented to measure the transfer of load from the pile shaft and pile toe to the soil. The Code also recommends that for driven piles (similar to bored cast-in-place piles), the axial load capacity can be evaluated empirically from correlation with standard penetration tests SPT N-values (which are widely used in this region) using modified Meyerhof Equation, where the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile in compression is given by:
Qu = Ks*Ns*As + Kb*(40Nb)*Ab
Where:
Qu is the ultimate bearing capacity of the pile, kN;
Ks is the empirical design factor relating ultimate shaft load to SPT values, kN/ m2 per SPT blow;
Ns is the SPT value for the pile shaft, blows/300mm;
As is the perimeter area of the shaft, m2;
Kb is the empirical design factor relating ultimate end bearing load to SPT values, kN/ m2
per SPT blow;
Nb is the SPT value for the pile base, blows/300mm;
Ab is the cross-sectional area of the pile base, m2.
For bored piles, instrumentation using sacrificial cast-in vibrating wire strain gauges and mechanical tell-tales which permit for monitoring of axial loads and movements at various levels down the pile shaft including the pile toe level had been practiced successfully within limits of accuracy posed by constraints inherent of the installation method, in this region for many decades, allowing insight evaluation of Ks and Kb factors, (Chan, S.F.& Lee, P.C.S.,1990,; S.F. Chan, 2004, Abdul Aziz, H.M. & S.K. Lee, S.K., 2005; H.M. Abdul Aziz , H.M. & Lee, S.K. 2006).
For precast driven piles, the application of instrumented full-scale static load tests is far more challenging than their bored pile counterparts due to significant difference in method of pile installation. Due to practical shortcoming of conventional instrumentation method and the lack of innovation in this area, instrumented full-scale static load tests are in fact rarely used in driven pile application in this region. Therefore, the far lacking driven pile industry is long due for a better technology to revolutionize the methodology in the acquisition of design data in a more accurate and reliable way, to catch up with the evolution in the design methods.
It could be the fan speed is too slow on the low setting and not enough air is getting accross the coil.
Where did all the dirt go when they dug the New York City subways?
They used it to expand Ellis island
What is plucking by moving ice?
Plucking is a type of erosion that results from the relative buoyancy of ice, combined with the material being "plucked". This can occur anywhere ice both 1) is in contact with soils/rock (or other material of concern, such as hard armor erosion control blocks), and 2) has the potential to be moved by some other mechanism, such as flowing water, gravity, or wave action.
For example, suppose a boat ramp is constructed on a riverbank. The boat ramp may be constructed of quarry spall rock between 3-6" in diameter. If the river freezes over the winter, the ice may be thick enough to encompass and envelop some of those rocks. In the spring, when the ice begins to melt, the flow of the river may initiate large chunks of ice to break off from the banks, including at the boat ramp; the rock removed from the boat ramp may be said to have been plucked by the ice.
This phenomenon can occur under glaciers, on rivers and coastlines (on both oceans and on lakes) and even non-glacial ice where movement is induced (such as during an earthquake).
What is one math course you must take to be a civil engineer major at a college in Connecticut?
Calculus for sure.
What is the maximum percentage of steel reinforcement in building foundation?
I think that the maximum percentage of stell reinforcement in foundation is 4%
What is the minimum and maximum spacing for placing reinforcement bar?
maximum spacing assording to IS 456 = 300mm
What is the water distribution system of river Ganges in an urban or rural area?
The Ganges River
India has one main fresh water supply that runs through parts of India and this river is called the "Ganges River". The saddest part about this wonderful and magnificent river that supplies most of India's fresh water is that it has been polluted. There are many sources of pollutions that contaminate this river and some of these belong to the religion and beliefs of India. The reason I have said this is because, the people of India believe that dumping the ashes of dead bodies into the Ganges River will bring good luck and that it may improves one's next life or even to make Moksha, or the rebirth of oneself, happen a lot sooner. Another reason why I say it is part of their beliefs, is that they believe by washing their face with the water of the Ganges River their sins will be washed away. The reason for all of these belief problems are that the pollutants from the ashes of the dead bodies are very toxic. Due to the large population of India, it is possbile to say that there will be more deaths and, because of India religious beliefs, more ashes will flow into the Ganges River. This is very bad because if the people are exposed to hazardous accumulations, it is bad for their health. The other reasons are that people drink from this river and to drink water that contains pollutants and ashes of the dead people is very unhygienic causing many water related diseases and illnesses such as diarrhea. The people of India use this source of water for cleanliness and to keep themselves from dehydrating but, with all these pollutants in the water, it is very easy for bacteria to germinate and very easy for a person to catch some kind of water related disease.
The other cause for the polluted water is the number of industries that exist in India. The machinery used require a lot of fuel resulting in much toxic waste being produced in the factories. All this has to go somewhere and this is more often than not into the river or waste lands. The worst factories of all in India that produce many chemicals and waste are the leather industry. These industries use vast amount of chemicals and chromium, which is bad for the environment. These pollutants and toxic waste end up in the Ganges River and that it flows through the water which people drink from. This makes the condition of the water unsuitable for drinking and that all the people in India must drink water in order to survive or else they will die or suffer from dehydration.
As part from the leather industry, there are many causes for the pollution and water conditions of the water. One of these that contribute the most waste is the sheer volume of waste that is dumped into the river everyday. It is estimated about 1 billion litres, usually untreated raw sewage and other rubbish is dumped into the rivers. This is awful because it is unhygienic for the people who live near the river. Also this makes the water even more polluted making it unsuitable to drink, leaving the people who live there, need to import fresh water from another place and for those who can't afford it, wait for the nest rain. Also, inadequate cremation procedures to burn the body into ashes cause the dead bodies to spread all the bacteria into the river.
There are many factors that have to do with India's water and that one of them is how much of it is left for the people living there to drink. One of the other problems with the water of India is that there isn't enough fresh water for the whole country to drink. Some of the factors that make this fact true is that the population of India is evergrowing and by having a large number of people living in a small country, it reduces the amount of fresh water able to be used per person and how most of the water is used for human drinking before rain can refill it. Another factor is that statistics prove that there is enough water available, but with uneven distribution of water over the country, an average of 0.9 billion over 1.1 billion, has water shortages, and this is called water scarcity (where the people don't have enough water to meet the recommended requirements for a human). There are many other factors that make the fact true and some of them are the quality of water useable for consuming. Sewerage and agriculture runoff is a major issue in which contamination is high in the water and is part of the reason why the water in rivers and lakes, are being polluted making water unsafe to drink, hence, less water for everyone and less fresh water in India.
There have been many efforts made by the government and by the people of India to make the water cleaner and to make sure no or less amounts of toxic waste and untreated sewerage goes into it, to ensure safe drinking water and to reduce water related diseases that are caused by unsafe drinking water. Waste treatment facilities are being made in order to keep the pollution level in the water minimum as possible. Also many people in India is now trying to make the water cleaner by supporting their government to make the water more safer and about $33 million have been used to make the water more cleaner. There is also more water clarity in the water and less murkiness in it. Other actions have been made by the government to make the water cleaner by making sure agriculture runoff is to be reduced to the most minimum as possible.
Overall, the condition of the water in India compared to the clean water in Australia is terrible and unsuitable for drinking. Fortunately the government of India is planning to build waste treatment facilities to make the water way more cleaner. Apart from all the negatives, there have been efforts to make the water cleaner and safe enough for the people to drink. Statistics also prove that the government has already used 33 million dollars to help with the sewerage problem. The reason why they are conducting these works is simple, they want the water there to be clean and to make the Ganges River a more pleasant place to live. It is estimated that a person needs about 5 litres of water a day to survive and that this doesn't include any hygienic things such as cleaning and keeping clean. These are the main conditions of the Ganges River and that I hope you people do learn something from all this information. The lesson is that we shouldn't just take fresh water from the taps or from the stores for granted. Also we shouldn't waste water because it is precious and that all life on earth depends on it for survival.
