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Computer Hardware
Computer hardware is a general term used to refer to all the physical parts of a computer. Internal hardware devices include hard drives and motherboards, while external hardware devices include monitors, mice, keyboards, and printers.
11,849 Questions
Will windows automatically select the best allocation unit size when formatting a floppy disk?
Yes. Windows will select the correct allocation unit size according to the disk's capacity. A 1.44 MB disk will use one sector per cluster while a 2.88 MB disk will use 2 sectors per cluster. Short of using a disk sector editor there's no way to change this, but even if you did you'd render the disk unreadable.
Under Windows, all floppy disks are formatted according to the FAT12 specification. Hard disks and flash drives are typically formatted to the FAT32 or NTFS specifications. To support any other specifications besides FAT or NTFS you will need a suitable driver installed, however it's not recommended for normal use since non-standard formats are unreadable on other systems unless the appropriate driver is present on those systems.
FAT is an abbreviation of File allocation Table. The number (12, 16 or 32) simly determines how many bits are used to address clusters. FAT12 is therefore a 12-bit file allocation system, and is used by Windows to format floppy disks. The sectors on a floppy disk are fixed at 512 bytes and the allocation unit size simply determines how many sectors there are per cluster. A cluster is the minimum unit of storage. As such there can only be one file per cluster but a file may occupy one or more clusters. Any unused bytes in the final cluster of a file are wasted bytes, so the smaller the cluster size the better.
A 1.44 MB disk uses an allocation unit size of 1 sector per cluster which is the minimum possible. Any file that is not an exact multiple of 512 bytes will therefore waste anything from 1 to 511 bytes (inclusive) in the final cluster. A 2.88 MB disk uses 2 sectors per cluster, so files must be an exact multiple of 1024 bytes to minimise wastage. Hard disks are typically much larger than floppy disks so they not only use much larger clusters they require more bits to address them.
A 12-bit addressing system can address 4096 clusters in total. However, 33 sectors are reserved so the actual number of sectors for storage can be no more than 4063. This means that you can have no more than 4063 individual files or folders on a floppy disk. However, the more sectors per cluster, the fewer files you can physically store. In reality, the limit is much lower than this. A 1.44 MB disk has an overall capacity of 1,457,664 bytes so at 512 bytes per sector, that equates to just 2847 sectors in total, 33 of which are reserved, leaving 2814 sectors for actual storage.
The boot sector (sector 0) stores the basic disk geometry:
- Bytes 0 to 10 are ignored.
- Bytes 11 and 12 store the bytes per sector (512)
- Byte 13 stores the number of sectors per cluster (1 for 1.44 MB floppy, 2 for 2.88 MB floppy)
- Byte 14 and 15 store the number of reserved sectors (32)
- Byte 16 stores the number of FATs (2)
- Bytes 17 and 18 store the maximum number of root directory entries
- Bytes 19 and 20 store the total sector count
- Byte 21 is ignored
- Bytes 22 and 23 store the number of sectors per FAT
- Bytes 24 and 25 store the sectors per track
- Bytes 26 and 27 store the number of heads
- Bytes 28 to 31 are ignored
- Bytes 32 to 35 store the total sector count for FAT32 (0 for FAT12)
- Bytes 36 and 37 are ignored.
- Byte 38 stores the boot signature
- Byte 39 to 42 store volume identifier
- Byte 43 to 53 store the volume label
- Byte 54 to 61 store the file system type as a character array (e.g., "FAT12", information use only)
- Bytes 62 and beyond are ignored
Sectors 1 to 9 hold the primary FAT while 10 to 18 hold the secondary FAT. The secondary FAT provides a backup of the FAT.
Sectors 19 to 32 store the root directory. Each sector can hold 16 entries of 32 bytes each. The number of entries consumed is determined by bytes 17 and 18 in the boot sector.
Sector 33 marks the start of the actual data. Logically, this is cluster 0.
The FAT is simply a directory of clusters. FAT entries 0 and 1 are reserved so FAT entry 2 represents logical cluster 0 (starting at physical sector 33).
The root directory (which always exists) stores the root file entries, each of which holds a file's name, its timestamps (created, modified and accessed times), file size, file attributes (read-only, system, archive, hidden or directory) and the logical start cluster. Directories always have the directory attribute while files do not. Other than that both files and folders are treated exactly the same.
The logical start cluster determines where the file (or directory) physically starts. However, as files are created, modified and destroyed, the files can become fragmented, so the cluster that immediately follows the start cluster needn't necessarily be the next cluster for that file. To keep track of which files are using which clusters and in which order, the FAT entry for the start cluster will point to the next cluster, and it will point to the next, and so on, thus creating a daisy chain of clusters. By de-fragging drives, you not only ensure files occupy contiguous clusters but also that the chain of FAT entries is also contiguous. This reduces head movement and thus improves performance.
FAT values in the range 0xFF0 to 0xFFF are reserved. In particular, 0xFF7 is used to mark bad clusters. These are detected when the disk is formatted (unless you use quick format) or when you run a disk diagnostic program such as SCANDISK or CHKDISK. You can attempt to recover bad clusters to make them usable again but once a cluster is marked bad it's reliability is questionable at best.
FAT entries in the range 0xFF8 through 0xFFF are used to mark the final cluster of a file. As mentioned previously, if the file doesn't fully occupy the final cluster the unused bytes are wasted since no two files can share the same cluster.
Can reinstalling the BIOS affect personal files?
No, flashing the bios will not affect anything that you have in windows, unless you make a mistake with the flash and have to reinstall windows.
Make sure you read your manual on the exact method of how to flash your bios,
and only do this if you have problems, you just don't update them for no reason,
this does not make the system run better, there are specific reasons to do this.
You could actually cause problems. Most of the time, the reason you would do this is if you have a new processor that you want to put in and it needs the new version of the BIOS
to run.
Or if this is a fix to a problem that the MFG has found and this is a fix, and you have the same problem.
Its not a cell phone, the BIOS should only be flashed for a reason, just want to make sure you understand this.
A mouse.
How do you get your laptop to boot from the CD drive?
press f12 in the start up screen and that will access the boot menu. in the boot menu arrow key down and select your CD drive. enter and your booting to the CD.
hope this helps.
If a had drive is in master-configuration is it the first device?
no, the BIOS is what chooses the first Boot device. YOU can change the first boot device by altering the BIOS.
if however, you are talking about 1st, 2nd hard drive etc, then yes.
What is the password for crash override?
Type in 2smile1 for password dont press green arrow it doesnt work change swf dont delete anything only numbers and underscore go to dragonfable go to login page under dragonfable the name it will say Build Number.Number.Number go to change swf type in the numbers it said after build instead of . do _ between each when u change it type in 2smile1 again type the left top corner of the password part around there will log u in to trainers login page
The password above is incorrect. First, Change the underscores in the "Change SWF" to periods and click "Set" then change them back to underscores and click "Set". Then close the "Change SWF" window and click "Load Trainer" Then login using the password "public". Enjoy!
What is the use of byte pointer flip flop of Direct Memory Access?
bhai, hum bhi yahi dhundh rahe hai?
mile to mail kar dena apneko assgn mila hai
It is a program that is used to view .vpe files, which are virtual print engine files. They are rare but are used by some, for me I received a receipt from a courthouse in .vpe format and had to download a VPE file viewer to open it, see it, and print it.
Can you have a computer with 16 USB ports?
Yes, most motherboards these days have connections for at LEAST four USB 2.0 devices. In addition to this, USB is a scalable connection so using hubs it's possible to connect up to 255 devices to one USB port (realistically the performance will be terrible, so you should limit yourself to about 10 per port). So yes, you can easily have that many ports off one system.
Companies make 4 port, 7 port and even as high as 40 port USB hubs.
Why would one need to use a USB KVM?
USB KVM devices are mainly used by IT companies. A USB KVM device allows a single mouse, keyboard or monitor to control as many similar devices as the KVM switch can handle. They are therefore used to monitor and control servers with a limited number of input devices.
What new devices only require you to tap the screen in order work the device?
There are multiple devices available to consumers that only require somebody to tap the screen in order to work it. Tablets and the latest smartphones are all devices that just require fingers for us.
What is disadvantage of having inland port close to main port?
A disadvantage of having an inland port close to a main port is the potential for congestion, as both facilities may attract similar shipping traffic, leading to delays in cargo handling and transportation. Additionally, the proximity can strain local infrastructure, necessitating costly upgrades to roads and rail systems. This situation may also result in increased operational costs for logistics companies competing for space and resources.
quantum physics. Not C terminal can be used to give all terminals multiple signals. One transistor with the capability of thousands. I.e. A.I. Technology
If the CMOS battery dies you can lose the settings in..?
If the CMOS battery dies you lose the settings that are held in the BIOS (Basic Input Output System). These include settings such as date/time, boot order,etc.
The NTVDM CPU has encountered an illegal instruction?
I have a problem on my PC,when running the BorlandC program. It appears like this
Borland C++ for DOS
The NTVDM CPU has encountered an illegal instruction.
CS:c000 IP:ed31 OP:8d e0 30 8e Choose 'close 'to terminate the aplication
Please if someone of you solve such problems help me.Thanks a lot.
New and Perfect Answer:
I have tried it and it really works 100% surity.
download DosBox for windows and then open it . in it type the following code:
z:\> mount c:\TC
z:\>c:
c:\>cd BIN
c:\BIN>tc
the tc ide will appear in which set the Options->Directories : change directory path to C:\Include and C:\Lib instead of C:\TC\Include and C:\TC\Lib and click on OK.
now when using graphics in initgraph(&g,&h,"C:\\BGI"); here C:\\BGI is used instead of C:\\TC\\BGI.
You will have to always make above settings whenever dosbox will be used.
And also now is you compile and run your program through Ctrl + F9 and if dosbox closes then you should use F4 or F8 keys. F8 line by line compiling and F4 compiles till cursor position , if F4 is used then place cursor position on the closegraph() code and after seeing the output you can use Ctrl+F9 or F8 function keys to complete the program execution.
and + if you are not working with graphics.h then there is a much easy solution for this find tc.exe go to it's property(not shortcut of TC.exe) in property there should be a tap called "screen" .. check "usage" to "window" rather than "full screen" .. :) .. now start it .. it will open in window mode .. then press ALT + Enter to get full screen .. it works for all programming but with graphics.h ..it may or may not work :(
What enabled north Vietnam to send troops to south Vietnam?
Men & material infiltrated into South Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail. To train South Vietnamese soldiers
