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Computer Hardware

Computer hardware is a general term used to refer to all the physical parts of a computer. Internal hardware devices include hard drives and motherboards, while external hardware devices include monitors, mice, keyboards, and printers.

11,849 Questions

Difference between mark II and magic gate memory sticks?

Magicgate memory sticks are set memory storage. Whereas Mark ii memory sticks have custom options and available card adapters.

What is the purpose of a PC Card or an ExpressCard?

To expand the capabilities of a device, usually a laptop, beyond what was included on the motherboard.

What is rom define its types?

ROM: Read Only Memory. Rom is memory that normally can only be read, but not written to.

Types of ROM:

1. ROM: Basic, hard-coded ROM that has its data implanted at the time of manufacture.

2. PROM- Programmable ROM: Usually is manufactured as blank ROM, and can be written to 1-time by 'burning' fuse links inside the device.

3. EPROM- Erasable Programmable ROM: A PROM device that can be erased through some means. This term is not generally used, as a more-specific method of erasing is usually part of the acronym (See EEPROM and MPROM below). A chip that can be erased by applying light to a window may use this term.

4. EEPROM- Electronically Erasable Programmable ROM: This indicates that the ROM device is erasable through an electronic signal, applied to an "Erase" input. When the correct logic signal (high or low depends on manufacture of the device), the device is "erased" back to it's default state.

5. MPROM- Magnetically Erasable Programmable ROM: This is similar to an EEPROM, except that the device is erased by exposing it to a magnetic field.

Another use of the term 'ROM' is CD-ROM (or DVD-ROM). This is a removable media format that is contained on an optical disk. As these discs can only be written to once, they are considered to be Read-only memory. (Note that "rewritable" disks exist...they are commonly designated as "CD-RW" and "DVD-RAM" or "DVD-RW") and would be similar to an EPROM in application.

How many data lines are necessary in 16-bit microprocessor and what is the magnitude of the largest number that can be placed on its data bus?

The number of data lines required in a 16-bit microprocessor is 16, in the internal view, but could be something else, such as 8, in the external view. In the 8086/8088, the processor is 16 bits, and its internal data bus is 16 bits. The 8086 provides 16 bits on the external bus, but the 8088 provides 8 bits, even though they are the same internal processor - the 8088 simply uses two memory cycles to move one word.

The largest number that can be represented on a 16 bit bus depends on the interpretation of that number. An unsigned 16 bit number ranges from 0 to 65535, so 65535 is the largest value when unsigned. A 16 bit two's complement signed number ranges from -32768 to +32767, so +32767 is the largest value when signed.

Why is my keyboard typing weird?

It might be caused by having the Num Lock on. Check to make sure it's off and try again.

Which RAID level requires 2 different parity calculations?

RAID Level 6 was introduced by the Berkley research team in a paper that followed its original outline of RAID levels. This system provides an extra degree of error detection and correction because it requires two different parity calculations

Understand Operating Systems-Sixth Edition, Chapter 7-Device Management

RAID Level 6

How has the development of military technology affected other technological fields?

it has changed the way we live today for example in WW2 the jet engine was developed and is now used in commercial air lines and the first computer was made to crack coded messages sent by the Germans in WW2 now we use computers to game to work to communicate... also the mobile phone was first developed in the military for communication in battle. That is all I know of but there are dozens more that are probably sitting next to you somewhere that have started in the military you just have to look.;)

What is the difference between SCSI and iSCSI?

ISCSI is a protocol that helps remote access of data over the internet. It can be called the link between two data hubs in varied locations. Internet SCSI is business oriented. A storage area network (SAN) is created using TCP/IP technology to communicate between two separate devices. There is no need for traditional cable system to connect to a network. This is facilitated only by Internet SCSI SAN. You can call Internet SCSI as a wireless network that can be accessed from remote locations. For the functioning of Internet SCSI, it should be run on subnets like LAN or VLAN so that data is not compromised.

The remote access facility of Internet SCSI technology has helped a great deal of people access their files sitting at any corner of the world. Traditional FTP protocol needs a person to transfer a file from a home computer to an office computer but ISCSI has broken all the barriers and can help transfer information without the assistance of anyone. An individual can directly log onto the Internet SCSI hard drive irrespective of wherever he/she is. The greatest advantage of Internet SCSI is that data can be sent in both directions. The protocol is bilateral.

A virtual private network is created allowing complete access to data anytime without any restrictions. In the present scenario where competition is heavy, even a single moment starved of information could prove fatal to your business. Therefore, ensure that your data is available at all times. The ISCSI technology can help you stay ahead of your competitors. Regardless of wherever you are, you can have complete access to the data you want through the Internet SCSI technology. The future of business depends on Internet SCSI technology; therefore, it is important to keep abreast with the technology for the positive benefits of your business.

What transfer mode cxan transfer data from a device to memroy without involving the CPU?

The normal operation to move data in a computer system is via the processor but many bulk transfer devices use "direct memory access" or "DMA". The transfer process uses data buses to move data from one peripheral to another without loading the data into the processor. Not only is this a faster way to move large amounts of data it also frees the processor to carry out other tasks.

DMA is generally performed under the supervision of the processor even though the processor is not directly involved in the operation.

Which countries do most of the computer peripherals manufacturing and assembly?

The peripherals business is, and will continue to be, highly internationalized. Asian firms, especially in China and Southeast Asia, are involved in a disproportionate share of the manufacturing and assembly work.

When would you need a modem?

You would need a cable modem when you want to connect to a cable internet service.

What is the full meaning of BCD?

BCD is binary coded decimal but unlike normal binary, the maximum number per byte is 99 instead of 255. It makes its decimal value easy to read by humans but is less efficient because of the number limits as four bits are consumed by each digit. Binary itself is easier to read if you want hexadecimal instead For numbers 0 to 9 the bit pattern is the same as binary but different from 10 onwards as shown below:

Decimal, Hex, BCD, normal Binary

000, 00, %00000000, %00000000

001, 01, %00000001, %00000001

002, 02, %00000010, %00000010

003, 03, %00000011, %00000011

004, 04, %00000100, %00000100

.....

009, 09, %00001001, %00001001

010, 0A, %00010000, %00001010

011, 0B, %00010001, %00001011

.....

015, 0F, %00010101, %00001111

016, 10, %00010110, %00010000

017, 11, %00010111, %00010001

.....

099, 63, %10011001, %01100011

.....

255, FF, not do-able with 1 byte, %11111111

On Microsoft WORDPAD how do I change the format from portrait to landscape I know where you change it but the landscape option is not choosable?

On the left hand side of the 'Home' tab, there should be a drop down tab, select that, a dropdown box will now appear, click on 'Page Setup' and then change the 'Orientation' to 'landscape' and then click 'Ok' to save the orientation.

Where is the media card slot on a PC?

Media card slot areas are typically located on the front of your computer for easy access. There should be door in the front of them and all you have to is gently slide it down until the slots are exposed before you proceed to work with pictures or anything like that.

The usb and firewire bus standart and their possible impact on computer of the future?

USB AND FIRE WIRE BUS STANDARDS AND THEIR POSSIBLE IMPACT ON COMPUTERS OF FUTURE


UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (USB):-

A USB flash drive is a data storage device that consists of flash memory with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface.

· It is hot swappable.

· USB version 1.1 provides maximum speeds of up to 1.5 MB/s while the version 2.0 is about 40 times faster.

· Most weigh less than 30 g.

· Drives of 256 gigabytes (GB) are also available, and storage capacities as large as 2 terabytes

Internals of a typical USB flash drive

1

USB Standard-A plug

2

USB mass storage controller device

3

Test points

4

Flash memory chip

5

Crystal oscillator

6

LED

7

Write-protect switch (Optional)

8

Space for second flash memory chip

USB STANDARDS:-

USB (1.x and 2.0):-

USB 1.x provides low speed (up to 1.5 M Bit/s) at distances of 3m, and high speed (12 M Bit/s) at distances of 5m.

Version 2.0 supports speeds to 480 M Bit/s at distances of up to 5m.

In all cases a maximum of 5 hubs may be supported.

USB (1.x and 2.0) provide a base current of 100MA and a maximum current of base X 5 = 500MA for powering of peripherals or battery charging applications.

USB 3.0:-USB 3.0 provides speeds up to 5.0 G Bit/s - termed Super Speed in the specifications. USB 3.0 uses new Standard and Micro A and B plugs and receptacles using 9 pins to obtain the full Super Speed performance (5.0 G Bit/s).

USB 3.0 increases the base current from 100MA (USB 2.0) to 150MA. The maximum load is 6 x base to 900MA (up from USB 2.0 x 5 = 500MA).

USB 0.7 :-

· Released in 1994

· Voltage - Input2.7 V ~ 5.5 V

· Current Limit= 700mA

· Operating Temperature= - 40°C ~ 85°C

OTHER STANDARDS:-

· USB 0.8: Released in December 1994.

· USB 0.9: Released in April 1995.

· USB 0.99: Released in August 1995.

FIREWIRE BUS:-

FireWire is High Performance Serial Bus, for connecting devices to your personal computer. FireWire provides a single plug-and-socket connection on which up to 63 devices can be attached with data transfer speeds up to 400 Mbps.

It is Hot-plug and plug and play capability without disrupting your computer.

FIREWIRE STANDARDS:-

FIREWIRE 400 (IEEE 1394):-

  • High interface transfer rate: up to 50MB/s.
  • Flexibility: use your IEEE 1394 peripheral on both Mac or Windows platforms.
  • Ease of use: hot-pluggable FireWire technology.
  • Small cables: space-saving thin serial cables.
  • Connect up to 63 devices.
  • Self-powered: directly powered by the bus.
  • The IEEE 1394 interface is specifically aimed at multimedia peripherals such as digital video camcorders, CD-RW drives, DVD drives and hard drives

FIREWIRE 400 (IEEE 1394a):-

  • Brings high-speed connectivity to your desktop computer, quickly and easily
  • It added support for asynchronous streaming, quicker bus reconfiguration, packet concatenation, and a power-saving suspend mode.
  • Great for use with multimedia peripherals
  • Firewire 400 (IEEE 1394a) provides 100, 200 and 400 Mbits/sec transfer at a distance of 4.5 meters between devices.
FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b)· FireWire 800 (IEEE 1394b) increased transfer rate to 800 Mbits/sec and cable distance to 100 meters in 2003.

· It also expanded cable options to glass and plastic fiber and Cat 5 Ethernet.

· Also included in IEEE 1394b, FireWire 1600 and FireWire 3200 increase transfer rates to 1.6 and 3.2 Gbits/sec respectively.

· FireWire 800's connector, referred to as a beta connector, is different from FireWire 400's alpha connectors, making legacy cables incompatible.

FireWire S800T (IEEE 1394c):-· High Performance Serial Bus Amendment to enhance the physical layer for higher data rates over CAT5 or better rated UTP cable Scope.

· This is a full-use standard whose scope is to amend the IEEE 1394 base standard (IEEE Std 1394-1995 as amended by IEEE Std 1394a-2000 and IEEE Std 1394b-2002) to specify alternate physical layer(s) that provide greater than S100 data rate over CAT5 or better cable.

· This physical layer is capable of negotiating with a peer device to select the appropriate next higher protocol layer.

Future enhancements (including P1394d)A project named IEEE P1394d was formed by the IEEE on March 9, 2009 to add single mode fiber as an additional transport medium to FireWire. P1394d - IEEE Standard for a High-Performance Serial Bus - Amendment: IEEE 1394 Single-mode Fiber Fiber Physical Medium (PMD) SpecificationOther future iterations of FireWire are expected to increase speed to 6.4 Gbit/s and additional connectors such as the small multimedia interface.

IMPACT of USB and FIREWIRE on future Computers:-

USB and Firewire represent the newer generations of external serial interfaces being adopted to reduce PC and connection costs and to improve performance.

BY :- AWAD ZAFAR

What are the names of the things on a windows desktop?

It varies depending on your operating system, but in general the bar along the bottom is the taskbar, the picture you see is called the desktop background, and the programs on the desktop background are called icons.

How do you download 1GB?

pls let me have 1 gb i need to install one game then can play

How can you restore your asus a6000 to factory settings and can this be done without a CD?

Push F9 on bootup when you see the ASUS logo that will allow you to do a factory restore , so the pc will be EXACTLY as it was when you first got it.

you dont need cd's or anything, dont worry that it shows win98 it will load xp or whatever was installed when you first got it.

rgds

Badger

If you burn a new video on a DVD-rw does it overwrite what is already on the disk?

Yes. DVD-RW can be written to many times.

Using a computer or a TV CD recorder, you will probably get a message telling you that there is no room on the disc and may suggest erasing or re-formatting it.