Computer Programming

he High Level Language is basically classified into 3 types namely:

1. Procedural Language
2. Functional Language
3. Object Oriented Language

Procedural Language:

The most common high-level languages today are procedure-oriented languages. In these languages, one or more related blocks of statements that perform some complete function are grouped together into a program module, or procedure, & given a name such as "Procedure A." If the same sequence of operations is needed elsewhere in the program, a simple statement can be used to refer back to the procedure. In essence, a procedure is just a mini-program. A large program can be constructed by grouping together procedures that perform different tasks.

Procedural languages allow programs to be shorter and easier for the computer to read, but they require the programmer to design each procedure to be general enough to be used in different situations.

Functional Language:

Functional languages treat procedures like mathematical functions and allow them to be processed like any other data in a program. This allows a much higher and more rigorous level of program construction. Functional languages also allow variables-symbols for data that can be specified and changed by the user as the program is running-to be given values only once. This simplifies programming by reducing the need to be concerned with the exact order of statement execution, since a variable does not have to be redeclared, or restated, each time it is used in a program statement. Many of the ideas from functional languages have become key parts of many modern procedural languages.

Object Oriented Language:

Object-oriented languages are outgrowths of functional languages. In object-oriented languages, the code used to write the program and the data processed by the program are grouped together into units called objects. Objects are further grouped into classes, which define the attributes objects must have.

A simple example of a class is the class Book.

Objects within this class might be Novel and Short Story. Objects also have certain functions associated with them, called methods. The computer accesses an object through the use of one of the object's methods. The method performs some action to the data in the object and returns this value to the computer. Classes of objects can also be further grouped into hierarchies, in which objects of one class can inherit methods from another class. The structure provided in object-oriented languages makes them very useful for complicated programming tasks.

Advantages

Sharing devices such as printers saves money. Files can easily be shared between users. Network users can communicate by email. Security is good - users cannot see other users' files unlike on stand-alone machines. A file server is easy to back up as all the data is stored in one place. A computer allows a person to manipulate data easily and quickly, create text documents, edit them, print them, manipulate images, print them, send text and images over the Internet, download information over the Internet, interact with other people easily from home, keep records of transactions, activities, plan trips, and generally do far more than a person without a computer. Computers are very useful to make everyday life a lot easier. You can check the weather, email, search items, buy things type papers and much much more. You can also play games and post blogs and other stuff. People use computers in many ways. Can be used in business, inventions and scanners.

Computers help children to be in control of their experience, to set their own pace, and to select the level of challenge with which they feel comfortable. Computers help children to use all of their senses to extract information. Computers fascinate kids and can draw their full attention, which often results in a deeper focus and concentration. Computers enable children to learn through creating, just as they gain hands-on knowledge and understanding when they build forts, make up stories, and paint, increase their skills. Good educational software enables children to develop and practice a broad range skill. It can help them learn, for example, about letters, numbers, shapes, colours, and rhythm. Good software can also help children develop their understanding of cause and effect, higher order problem solving, procedural thinking, and creative expression. Today, the wide range of multimedia available for kids in India is really amazing. Computers are helpful because they offer a wide range of functions and services that are not available anywhere else. There are four main uses: word processing, internet/communications, digital video/audio composition, and desktop publishing.

Disadvantages

The teenagers of today's society have changed dramatically due to the Computer. Nowadays, the majority of teenagers have a PC and it has played a key role in their lives. Teenagers need to be equipped with knowledge of computer technology, as most things in life require the use of computers. One disadvantage of owning a computer is the information that students can access from the Internet. The Internet has also made the youth of today quite lazy, especially in terms of their education. If a student needs to research information for school, they merely access a relevant site and download the information, rarely paying attention to what is written. Purchasing the network cabling and file servers can be expensive. If the file server breaks down the files on the file server become inaccessible. Viruses can spread to other computers throughout a computer network. There is a danger of hacking, particularly with wide area networks.

Computers are very engaging on children as well as adults. Kids with access to software that is not age appropriate may be exposed to such negative influences as violence, strong language, and over-stimulation from fast-action graphics.

Programs written in low level language are executed immediately. They require no compilers.

Low Level Language instructions can be used to manipulate the individual bits in a byte of computer storage.

difficult to program.

Impossible for the programmer to memorize all the operational codes.

Correcting and modifying a program is difficult.

Multilevel Inheritance

A Scenario where one class is inheriting/extending the bahavior of another class which in turn is inheriting behavior from yet another class.

Ex: public class Automobile {…}

Public class Car extends Automobile {…}

Public class Ferrari extends Car {…}

This multilevel inheritance actually has no limitations on the number of levels it can go. So as far as java goes, it is limitless. But for maintenance and ease of use sakes it is better to keep the inheritance levels to a single digit number.

Multiple Inheritance

Actually, java does not support multiple inheritance. You can achieve partial multiple inheritance using interfaces but java is not like C or C++ where you can do direct multiple inheritance. However, you can achieve partial multiple inheritance with the help of interfaces.

Ex: public class FerrariF12011 extends Ferrari implements Car, Automobile {…}

And this is under the assumption that Car and Automobile are interfaces.

Here if you see, though you don't inherit concrete code from the Car or the Automobile interface, you do inherit skeleton methods that determine the way your class eventually behaves and hence this can be considered partial Multiple Inheritance.

An array's name is not a constant pointer; it's not even a pointer! An array name is a reference to the array itself. Unlike pointers, references have no memory of their own, therefore a reference cannot be constant (only what it refers to can be constant). A reference is nothing more than an alias for a memory address. Since there is no separate storage for references, you cannot reassign references while they remain in scope. So, in that sense, it behaves like a constant pointer. But a pointer is a variable, so even if declared const, it requires memory of its own in order to store the memory address it points to.

Example:

int a[10];

int * const p = a; // const pointer

assert( *p &a ); would cause an assertion. Likewise, assert( p != &p); proves that p must reside in a separate memory address from that referred to by a. It has to: pointers are variables even when they are declared const.

In Systematically search option (Depth First Search), Data storing and retrieving in hard disk based on the "BALANCED TREE(AVL

- B- TREE)", printer (QUEUE),

In Programming language point of with out Data structure and Algorithms we can't develop a single program -

primitive data structures - INTEGER, FLOAT, CHAR , BOOLEAN, ETC..

abstract data structures- ARRAY , LINKED LIST , GRAPH, TREE, STACK , QUEUE. ETC..

So, In programming every where we are using without knowing about this...

try to learn basic thing about programming ....for to become a Good Software Engineer you should know the fundamental of Data Structure and Algorithms.