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Computer Programming

A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.

10,506 Questions

What are the advantages of Huffman coding?

Algorithm is easy to implement

Produce a lossless compression of images

What is the ICT Technician password for the 2014 laptops given by Kamla?

The program codes are not available outside the provider's security. You need to contact the issuer.

Can data be unleaked?

No it cant once your data and details are out there they are out there forever so be careful what you post to your friends and put on the internet cos google or another network could get hold of it and then you could get a very horrible surprise next time you are on facebook or something like that where there is a picture of you in your bikini or something and loads of comments saying "Lol!" and "OMG! Clarissa you look so funny!"

What are the different types of pseudocode?

There are no different TYPES as I'm aware of at all. Pseudocode is nothing in particular. It's just a way of mapping out an algorithm of some kind without going into specific details about how it will be performed in any specific programming language. The nature of how one may write down their own particular brand of psedocode is heavily based on whatever language they feel most akin to using.

Pseudocode is used to convey an understanding rather than getting bogged down with any specific language so pseudocode having any FORMAL structure is just an oxymoron.

It's great when you trying to convey a point to a group of programers who are all writing in different languages.

What are the differences between mathematics and computer programming?

Mathematics can be used in coding (computer programming). I have done programming before and it is nothing like mathematics. Although coding languages can be used to solve mathematical equations, the makeup of it is not just math. It is based on math but is not completely reliant on it. For example, <DOCTYPE html>

That is HTML coding *what makes up websites*. The amount of math used depends on the coding language. In application programming, there is more math used like:

myFloat = 1.23

switchOn = True

myFloat * jumpForce = myHeight

That used more math in it. It depends on the language of coding. You're welcome. :D

What are the disadvantage of rsa algorithm?

A disadvantage of using public-key cryptography for encryption is speed. There are many secret-key encryption methods that are significantly faster than any currently available public-key encryption method. Nevertheless, public-key cryptography can be used with secret-key cryptography to get the best of both worlds. For encryption, the best solution is to combine public- and secret-key systems in order to get both the security advantages of public-key systems and the speed advantages of secret-key systems. Such a protocol is called a digital envelope, which is explained in more detail in Question 2.2.4.

Public-key cryptography may be vulnerable to impersonation, even if users' private keys are not available. A successful attack on a certification authority (see Question 4.1.3.14) will allow an adversary to impersonate whomever he or she chooses by using a public-key certificate from the compromised authority to bind a key of the adversary's choice to the name of another user.

In some situations, public-key cryptography is not necessary and secret-key cryptography alone is sufficient. These include environments where secure secret key distribution can take place, for example, by users meeting in private. It also includes environments where a single authority knows and manages all the keys, for example, a closed banking system. Since the authority knows everyone's keys already, there is not much advantage for some to be "public" and others to be "private." Note, however, that such a system may become impractical if the number of users becomes large; there are not necessarily any such limitations in a public-key system.

Public-key cryptography is usually not necessary in a single-user environment. For example, if you want to keep your personal files encrypted, you can do so with any secret key encryption algorithm using, say, your personal password as the secret key. In general, public-key cryptography is best suited for an open multi-user environment.

Public-key cryptography is not meant to replace secret-key cryptography, but rather to supplement it, to make it more secure. The first use of public-key techniques was for secure key establishment in a secret-key system [DH76]; this is still one of its primary functions. Secret-key cryptography remains extremely important and is the subject of much ongoing study and research. Some secret-key cryptosystems are discussed in the sections on block ciphers and stream ciphers.

How is ASCII used to represent text in a computer system?

ASCII is a simple (and increasingly obsolete) code which maps alphanumeric characters to numbers in the 0..255 range. Thus, any phrase expressed as a series of these alphanumeric characters can be expressed as a series of bytes with the corresponding numeric values, one byte per character.

For example, the letter A is represented by a byte of numerical decimal value 65.

It is characteristic for the ASCII code that it supports a limited alphabet of 256 different characters. While this might seem much in light of the fact that the 26 characters cover the A-Z alphabet, codes are assigned to lower-case and upper-case characters, digits, punctuation marks, a wide range of other characters including some simple symbols, and a range of 'foreign characters.'

With today's demands on localized software and support for the local alphabet, the ASCII code becomes increasingly obsolete because it cannot support a great number of non-English alphabets.

What programming language was used to make sonic adventure dx?

The GameCube version was almost certainly programmed using a proprietary version of C++ that Nintendo developed for the GameCube, while the Microsoft Windows version was most likely written in Windows C++ using DirectX for the hardware abstraction. Regrettably, these are only conjectures, as I cannot obtain a copy of either software, and have only information I can glean from the Internet.

Working Principle of bluetooth?

Bluetooth was the brainchild of the SIG (Special Interest Group). This SIG included Intel, Toshiba, Nokia, IBM, Compaq, Dell, Motorola, HP, Lucent, and Samsung to name a few. They all came together to set up a short frequency wireless technology for transferring data.

Bluetooth is a communication protocol. It is a like a language that devices use to wirelessly communicate between each other. It is in fact based on a Master/Slave operation format. Pico net is a term used to describe a network formed by one device and all other devices detected in its range. In single coverage are around 10 Pico nets can co-exist. A master can connect to more than one slave simultaneously. In reality, the master keeps switching between slaves. Bluetooth links two Pico nets to form a larger network. This works over a short range and can be used to establish connections between PDAs, mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, printers, scanner, and many other electronic gadgets.

Establishing a connection using Bluetooth is a complicated process. Initially, the device stays in a "Passive state", i.e. it is just in contact with the network, but not performing any activity. Next the connection establishment process begins with the inquiry process. "Inquiry" is a request sent by the master to all the devices found in its range. Whichever devices receive this inquiry send a response with their respective addresses. Now the master chooses one address and synchronizes with its access point. This process known as the "Paging technique" involves alignment of its clock and frequency with that of the access point.

Next in line is the "Service Discovery" phase, wherein a link is established and the master device enters the access point using the Service Discovery Protocol. As a result of linking, a "Communication Channel" is to be created. Sometimes the access point may include a security mechanism and you may need to know the encryption key or in common terms the PIN. Once the PIN is sent and received and confirmed a communication is established. Finally the master and slave can use the communication channel to transfer data and information.

Thus Bluetooth is neither a broadband nor a long distance networking technique. It is a Personal Area Networking technology that can be used in a number of important applications. First of all, Bluetooth technology uses the same frequency range as the Wi-Fi system. It only requires a careful coordination of the various frequencies with the perfect transmit and receive timings between various devices. Finally, the enhanced version of Bluetooth is expected to use Ultra-Wide Band frequencies that contributes increased data rate and improved signal strength.

Trial version of Sony Vegas Pro 8 that I didn't strat using early enough so it will expire soon Is there any way to extend the trial?

No you can't extend the trial. But you can unistall and then download it again (and re-register it for another 30 days). Alternatively you could download sony Vegas movie studio or the platinum edition. Hope this helps.

If you find anything like a keygen you might be able to adjust it in "regedit".

*note its found in: local machine - software - sony sofware - Vegas 8.0 - license here should you add 1 entry and change some values and remove 1 entry.

Edit:

Actually this is not true. I've tried uninstalling this trial program (and many others like Photoshop CS4) and re-installing the trial, and it does not give you another extra 30 day trial usage.

Downloading another version of Vegas might work though.

What is a software trainer?

Primarily it is someone that teaches someone to use software.

Some people could use it to refer to a computer based education tool, in other words software that is designed to train people, like a typing tutorial.

Define stack.discuss push and pop operation?

A stack is a region of memory that you store things, and retrieve them in the reverse order of storage.

Think of it as a stack of papers. You write something down on a piece of paper, and then you put that paper in a stack, specifically on the top of the stack. This is called a push operation. If you want to go and do something else, such as service an interrupt or call another function, you create more pieces of paper and you push them onto the top of the stack as well.

Under normal conditions, you cannot access anything on the stack below the top. I say "normal" because the architecture of the processor allows you to access chunks of memory contained within the stack, relative to the base pointer BP, allowing you to pass arguments and store temporary variables in what is called a stack frame.

The reverse of push is called pop, and it is equivalent to taking a piece of paper off of the top of the stack and throwing it away - or using it, whatever you want - but that action exposes the next piece of paper, which is now the new "top of stack".

How do you write a c plus plus program to display n congratulatory messages where n is a user input value?

#include<iostream>

#include<sstream>

int main()

{

unsigned num;

while (true)

{

std::cout << "Enter a number: ";

std::string input;

std::cin >> input;

std::stringstream ss;

ss << input;

if (ss>>num) break;

std::cerr << "Invalid input.\n";

}

for (int i=0; i<num; ++i)

std::cout << "Well done!\n";

}

What is the practice of sending e-mails to customers or potential customers of a legitimate website asking them to click a link in the e-mail?

The general term is "spamming. However, for customers the correct term is "clickbait". For potential customers the correct term is "unsolicited mail".

What characters do programmers often call bang splat tick whack sharp pipe hat?

There is a broad and colorful history behind pronouncing non-alphabet characters on the keyboard. I won't go into that history in order to answer this question, but some searching would help you find more if you are interested.

Specifically, here are some of the most common programmer pronunciations for punctuation, starting with the specific ones asked in the question:

  • bang ! (exclamation mark)
  • splat * (asterisk)
  • tick / irk ' (single-quote, apostrophe)
  • whack / (forward-slash)
  • sharp # (pound-sign, hash)
  • pipe | (vertical pipe)
  • hat ^ (caret, circumflex)
  • dirk " (double-quote)
  • mod % (percent)
  • tail , (comma)
  • bash \ (back-slash)
  • birk ` (back-quote, grave accent)

It gets even more interesting, as there are some common combinations of these characters found in programming history... they have sometimes taken on pronunciations of their own:

  • #! shebang
  • \!* bash-bang-splat
  • := becomes
  • /* slashterisk
  • !? interro-bang

What is ctrl plus f1?

It means that you press the Ctrl key and holding it down, press the F1 key to perform a certain function on a personal computer and the function you perform depends on the context and the program running etc.

Can traps be generated intentionally by a user program?

Yes. User programs create traps for debugging purposes. A trap can be used to call the OS routines or to catch arithmetic errors.

What is ontological standing?

Ontology is the philosophical study of existence and non-existence. Therefore the ontological standing of an entity refers to whether it can be said to exist, and how it can be grouped along with other entities, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.

What are the three components that form a computerized accounting system?

According to the American Accounting Association, accounting is the "process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users of the information." There are five types of accounting systems -- cost, financial, national, tax and management accounting -- all with different accounting elements, objectives and functions. However, the three basic elements of all accounting systems establish a standardized framework as to the purpose for the information that is -- identified, measured (analyzed) and communicated.

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Identification, Analysis and Communication Metrics in Cost Accounting

The three basic elements of accounting assist management in identifying the most efficient use of capital resources, measuring the effects of the cost controls and communicating the information throughout the organization. For example, cost accounting focuses on the costs associated with products, services, departments and resources (raw material and labor). The accumulated economic date is gathered into usable data points and reports are drafted and communicated to management and external users for their decision making process. By identifying and measuring costs, management can reallocate capital in an effort to improve efficiencies and reduce costs.

Financial Accounting Analysis, Measurement and Communication

The measurement component in financial accounting is based on a standardized analysis of the historical financial performance of an organization. The relevant financial data is identified and analyzed before being communicated to decision makers using income, cash flow and profit and loss statements.The financial accounting system is designed to assess the financial health of the company for internal and the external decision makers, such as external auditors and investors. Identifying information under this system requires an understanding of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as well as the different accounting requirements of each state and federal taxing authority.

Related Reading: What Are the Basic Accounting Theories?

Identifying Appropriate National Economic Measurments for Anaylsis

National accounting systems identify the economic conditions of a country and use measurements that conform to international standards, such as the Standard System of National Accounts (SNIRS), to communicate information that is readily comparable for analysis with historical data. Such measurements identify economic productivity via standard measures known as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP). Through the three basic elements of all accounting systems, an accountant can identify information necessary to measure the health of a country to provide businesses and individuals the ability to make financial decisions.

Purpose of the Three Basic Accounting Elements

Essentially, the three basic elements of all accounting systems provide a standardized framework to identify financial and economic factors and trends, to provide an empirically based standard measurement, for communicating the financial health and taxation of businesses and economies. For instance, management accounting identifies a particular period in time to analyze against another similar period in time. By measuring the financial results of a particular period directly with a similar period, such as one month or one year, accountants are able to provide an analysis of the financial health of the company based on relevant empirical data.

How do you make a computer shut down upon insertion of flash drive?

all you have to do is right click ( inside the drive) create a cmd file and have it run "shutdown -s" on drive startup and as soon as it goes into the compter and reconizes it a box counting down frm about a min or 2 it will shut down

In my system C language does not support for fullscreen mode why?

Your question has nothing to do with C language, it's about your Windows' DOS-compatibility (or incompatibility).