0
Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
What is An array of wavelengths?
It is a spectrum. I know this because i am currently in physical science class and we just discussed it. Unless my teacher and book are wrong, this is right.
Who invented first motherboard?
IBM, in 1981.
There was no specific invention or inventor of a first motherboard. The concept of a motherboard evolved over a number of years responding to the reduction in electronic component size. One of the original concepts in computer construction was the backplane. The backplane allowed for circuit card to be plugged in on one side. Its back had rows of pins corresponding to the socket connections. The pin connections defined how the attached circuit cards functioned and pins were connected to other pins with wires wrapped around them.
As technology matured, electronic parts were combined into Integrated circuit (IC) chips which were mounted on the backplane itself and the pins and wiring on the rear of the backplane were replaced by printed circuits. This eventually became what we call a motherboard, mainboard or some equivalent name.
Original microcomputers and personal computers had a central processor (CPU), memory, and control circuitry on the motherboard. That took up all the available space. Most other parts required their own support circuitry that would not fit on the motherboard so they were placed on individual circuit cards plugged into the motherboard. This included additional memory, output display, hard drives controllers, and even standard input/output ports such as serial (RS232,) Printer(parallel), mouse and game ports. Most of these eventually became compact enough to be integrated onto the motherboard board we use today.
list item. it is the child of either <ul> - unordered list, or <ol> - ordered list in html
Hai, WIPRO - Western India Products Limited Regds Western India Palm Refind Oils
How can you do the programing?
You make programs with another program called a compiler. A complier takes some text consisting of special keywords and commands into a program. The text put into the compiler is called a language. Different computer languages include BASIC, C++, C, Java, Ada, APL, Perl, COBOL, Fortran, and more.
Which letters of the alphabet are not used alpha numeric code?
The only alphabet used in a modern periodic table is the English one, which is almost the same as the Latin one. Alphabets not used include Greek, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Thai, etc.
What are some examples of inflated language?
There are many different kinds of prententious speaking and writing. Being pretentious doesn't always involve long words, either. Here's an example: 'James Harris was, alas, unable to put the finishing touches to this novel. On 1 June 1931 he closed his eyes for ever; death tore the pen from his hand'. That example has stuck in my mind as it is so grotesque.
Why is c referred to as middle level language?
C is called a middle level language since it is a higher language than something like assembler, which communicates to the computer through operations that directly manipulate data and uses machine code.
High level languages, are very close to human readable/speakable languages, such as English and French ( and many more), and are therefore more human-oriented.
Unfortunately, the C programming language is neither a low-level language, such as assembler, or a high level language such as English, but somewhere in between. Thus a middle-level language
By mistake. It is a high-level language.
int main()
{
int total = 0;
for(int i = 101; i < 200; i++)
{
if(i % 7 == 0)
total += i;
}
printf("total = %d\n", total);
return 0;
}
What are the programming languages of expert system?
It depends on the sub-field in AI.
Lisp, was used from the very binning of AI.
Python, C++ and Java are used mostly now.
What is the need of object oriented programming?
Object oriented programming, on the other hand, shifts your primary focus to the data itself. Instead of asking "what do I want to do and what will I need to know to do it", you ask "what kind of things do I want to have and what can those things do for me". Instead of designing your functions first and then coming up with data structures to support them, you design types first and then come up with the operations needed to work with them.
Three OOP PrinciplesPerhaps the most important feature of OOP is polymorphism, the ability to identify certain aspects that several data types have in common, and write code that works equally well with all of them by ignoring the differences in situations where they don't matter.For example, consider a simple drawing program where you have a set of shapes (circles, rectangles, etc.) that share certain things in common (they all have a location, size, and color) but are different in other ways (how they look or whether they can be rotated). In a structured program, you'd write a function to draw a shape, containing logic like "if the shape is a circle, do ABC; if it's a rectangle, do XYZ" and so on.
But in an OO program, you'd simply tell the shape to draw itself, and the shape would know, based on its own type, what to do: you write a specialized drawing function when you define each shape, and when you send a "draw" message to any shape, it automatically calls the one for the correct shape type. Polymorphism eliminates the need for you to check what kind of shape it is: you just have to know that shapes can draw themselves, and let the shape worry about how it actually happens.
Another important OO principle is encapsulation, the ability to bundle code and data together in one place and hide that data from the outside world, forcing anyone who wants to access it to go through the associated code. For example, all shapes have a location and a size, but the best representation might be different. A circle only needs three numbers (center X, center Y, and radius) but a rectangle needs four (top, bottom, left, right). Structured programming encourages code everywhere to deal directly with the innards of data structures, so most likely you'd need to use the same representation for all shapes in order to avoid checking the type every time you wanted to measure a shape, even though that representation is wasteful for circles.
Object oriented programming addresses that problem two ways: first, encapsulation says that the internal representation of a shape is off-limits to anyone else, so if you want to know how big a shape is, you have to call its getSize() method instead of reading its size directly out of memory. Second, polymorphism allows different shapes to implement their getSize() methods differently, allowing circles to use a more efficient version while presenting the same interface to the outside world.
Finally, there's inheritance, which makes it easy to extend existing structures to produce new structures with slightly different behavior. For example, a filled circle is mostly the same as a regular circle, but it draws itself differently and also has a fill color. In a structured program, you'd probably handle filled circles by adding a fill color to all shapes and a flag that indicates whether the shape is filled or not, and the fill color would simply go unused (wasting memory) in unfilled shapes. In an object-oriented program, you can make FilledCircle a subclass of Circle, inheriting all the existing circle behavior, and then replace the draw() method and add a place to store the fill color. Then if you changed something about Circle later, the change would automatically propagate to FilledCircle, while changes you made to FilledCircle would not affect any other shapes.
Design vs. LanguageWhether your code is object oriented or merely structured depends partly on your choice of language, but also on your design. For example, the C language doesn't offer any features for object oriented programming, but with enough discipline you can still write object-oriented code in C, such as the GTK windowing library. On the other hand, you can write a Java program that completely fails to take advantage of Java's OOP features, by putting all your code in a single class and using classes with public members just as you'd use structs in C. One organizes code by comprehensiveness while the other organizes code by the data affected.Structured programming consists of breaking big problems into smaller problems, then further breaking those into still smaller problems, and so on, until a level of such simplicity is reached that the implementation is obvious to the programmer expected to do the coding. Object-oriented programming consists of grouping code with the data on which it operates so that this "object" can function independently of the rest of the software system. Structured programming and object-oriented programming are not mutually exclusive. You can structure the code in an object, and you can use objects to implement the modules of code in a structured program. Procedural (Structure) vs. OO programming require different approachesSimilarities: Both require a rudimentary understanding of programming concepts and basic control flow. Loops, conditional statements, and variables are concepts that are important whether you are using a procedural language or an object oriented language.Differences: Typically object oriented is viewed as more difficult. This is because an entirely different problem solving approach must be taking. In addition, there are a variety of object-oriented-only concepts such as classes and inheritance. For simple programs, procedural is often preferred. The more complicated the project, the easier it is to leverage the strengths of object oriented design.
Other notes: Not all languages fall strictly into procedural or object oriented baskets. In actuality, it is more of a spectrum. Languages like Basic and C are pretty much entirely procedural. Languages like C++ and Pascal can be written in either procedural or object oriented styles. Languages like Java and Python adhere much more strictly to object oriented design (although some programmers argue these aren't TRUE object oriented languages).
Advantages of DDA line drawing algorithm?
DDA Line Drawing Algorithm
Step 1:[Determine The Dx & Dy]
Dx=Xb-Xa
Dy=Yb-Ya
Step 2:[Determine Slope is Gentle or Sharp]
If |Dx|>|Dy| then
Gentle Slope
M=Dy/Dx
Set The Starting Point
If Dx>0 Then
C=CELING(Xb)
D=Yb+M*(C-Xb)
F=FLOOR(Xa)
R=FLOOR(D+0.5)
H=R-D+M
IF M>0 Then
Positive Gentle Slope
M1=M-1
Now Step Through The Columns
WHILE C<=F
C Programming Coding For DDA Algorithmvoid linedda(int xa,int ya,int xb,int yb) {
int dx=xb-xa,dy=yb-ya,steps,k;
float xincrement,yincrement,x=xa,y=ya;
if(abs(dx)>abs(dy)) steps=abs(dx);
else steps=abs(dy);
xincrement=dx/(float)steps;
yincrement=dy/(float)steps;
putpixel(round(x),round(y),2)
for(k=0;k
y+=yincrement;
putpixel(round(x),round(y),2);
}
}
More Informationhttp://knol.google.com/k/thiyagaraaj-m/dda-line-algorithm/1lfp8o9xxpx13/78#
http://i.thiyagaraaj.com/articles/articles/dda-line-algorithm
What is the flow chart for a program that finds two product numbers?
Since all decent programming languages have the multiplication operator, you simply multiply them. If you want to go into a bit more detail, it would be a bit like this:
Ask user for number "a"
Ask user for number "b"
Calculate result = a * b
Show result
(End)
Use the appropriate flow chart symbols for input, etc.
What two things must you normally specify in a variable declaration?
This is when you specify the name and type of the variable.
Example:
int number;
The declaration line can also include an instantiation for that variable.
Example:
int number = 5;
When you declare a variable or an object (particularly in OOP programming) , you set aside a chunk of memory space for the data to reside.
What is the binary code for seventeen?
It depends how you want to encode it. Encoding as 8-bit ASCII (ISO/IEC/8859 or ISO-8859-1) it will be:
0x6920616d20736576656e00
Note the 0x00 at the end is the null terminator. Total length is 11 bytes.
However, you will probably want to replace the lowercase 'i' with an uppercase 'I' (in all version of English, the singular first person noun 'I' is always capitalised), in which case the encoding would be:
0x4920616d20736576656e00
Encoding as 16-bit UNICODE is the same except each byte is padded with 8 zero bits (0x00) and a BOM (byte-order mark) is inserted at the front to ensure correct interpretation. In big-endian notation, the binary value would be:
0xfeff004900200061006d00200073006500760065006e0000
In little-endian notation, it would be:
0xfffe4900200061006d00200073006500760065006e000000
Similarly with 32-bit UNICODE, padding with another 16 zero bits along with a 32-bit BOM:
32-bit big-endian:
0x0000feff0000004900000020000000610000006d00000020000000730000006500000076000000650000006e00000000
32-bit little-endian:
0xfffe0000004900000020000000610000006d00000020000000730000006500000076000000650000006e000000000000
There are many other ways to encode text. This is primarily due to the wide variety of character sets available to cater for foreign languages and other symbols. It is also possible to use compression encodings, cipher encodings and encrypted encodings. But in order to interpret these encodings correctly you would need to know precisely how it was encoded, in the same way a BOM tells the decoder how to correctly interpret the byte order.
What does backward compatible mean?
It means that the new version of something will still work with things that the previous version worked with.
For example the PlayStation 2 is somewhat backwards compatible with the PlayStation 1 because you can play Playstaton 1 games on the PlayStation 2. It is not completely compatible however because not all of the PlayStation 1 accessories work with the PlayStation 2.
How much does broadband internet cost?
It depends upon the services that you wish to use. Dial up service can be free, but is exceedingly slow. On top of this, it relies upon you having a phone line.
Other internet services are faster, but vary greatly in cost. For example, I have cable internet which gives me 18 mbps download speed and 1 mbps upload speed with a total bandwidth cap of 250 GiB per month, and costs me $40 a month.
A T1 line, however, gives 1.544 mbps and yet can cost several hundred dollars a month! While this may seem like a horrible deal compared to cable internet, the advantage to a T1 line is that the T1 line generally comes with a service level agreement - guaranteeing you access to this bandwidth. These are generally leased out to businesses who need to guarantee that they have this internet access for 99.9% of the month.
A cable operator, on the otherhand, might only guarantee you internet access at the advertised rate 40% of the time.
Explain why a class might provide a set method and a get method for an instance variable?
A class might provide a set method (setter) and a get method (getter) for an instance variable in order to encapsulate the internal implementation of the class, and to isolate that implementation from the public interface of the class.
Even if the setter and getter does no more than directly set and get the instance variable, the public interface should use that paradigm in order to allow for possible future alteration of the implementation, while minimizing the impact of doing so.
Proper OOD/P (Object Oriented Design/Programming) should always make the implementation be private, even for derived classes. This reduces error, and reduces "lazy" coding techniques.
A 1 or 0 in the binary number system is called?
A 0 or 1 in a binary number is called a bit. A binary number is made up of only ones and zeroes.
What are the some biological terminologies?
* homogenise (blend) * hydrolyze( hydrolysis) * dehydration (removing water) * insoluble (does not dissolve) * soluble (dissolve)
What is a prodecural programming language?
A procedural programming language is one where programs are organized into blocks of code called variously "subroutines", "functions", or "procedures", each of which handles one particular task. The main function of the program (often actually called "main") then makes a series of calls to these procedures in order to archive its goal.
How do you make a function repeat itself in C plus plus?
There are three ways to do repetitions in C as far as I know. The first is to use recursion (a function which calls itself) the second being a for loop and the third being a while loop, though both of these are basically the same thing. Here's a demonstration of using these three methods to compute the x raised to the power of y: (note this isn't the most efficient way of calculating the power of a number but it's good enough for an example)
//Recursion:
int pow(int base, int pwr){
if(pwr == 0){
return 1;
}else{
return base * pow(base, pwr - 1);
}
}
//For loop
int pow(int base, int pwr){
int i;
int result = 1;
//The for loop initialises i to the value of pwr, then
//runs the loop, subtracting 1 from i each time until
//i fails the test (i > 0) at which point the loop finishes
for(i = pwr; i > 0; i--){
result *= base
}
return result;
}
//While loop
int pow(int base, int pwr){
int result = 1;
while(pwr > 0){
result *= base;
pwr--;
}
return result;
}
In C macros are a piece of code that is replaced by its value whenever it called from.
Syntax for defining a macro is :
# define Macro_Name Value
As:
# include<stdio.h>
# define three 3
int main(){
printf("%d", three);
return 0;
}
output: 3.
In above example three is a macro and its value is 3.
The place for defining macros are same as including a header file in a program.
