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Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
How do you get backgrounds on your laptop?
You can find free (public domain) backgrounds on: ---- ---- Go on the net, ask for free software, you will get plenty of sites. Choose one, most have background screens to down load, cost you nothing. I have a beautiful aquarium I bought at wall marts for ten bucks.
Why you use array in c language?
The idea of an array is to store data for different related items, using a single variable name. The different items are distinguished by a subscript (a number, which may also be a variable or some other expression)
For example, if you want to track scores for four different players in a computer game, you could create an array for those scores.
The idea of an array is to store data for different related items, using a single variable name. The different items are distinguished by a subscript (a number, which may also be a variable or some other expression)
For example, if you want to track scores for four different players in a computer game, you could create an array for those scores.
The idea of an array is to store data for different related items, using a single variable name. The different items are distinguished by a subscript (a number, which may also be a variable or some other expression)
For example, if you want to track scores for four different players in a computer game, you could create an array for those scores.
The idea of an array is to store data for different related items, using a single variable name. The different items are distinguished by a subscript (a number, which may also be a variable or some other expression)
For example, if you want to track scores for four different players in a computer game, you could create an array for those scores.
What is redundant code in object oriented programming language?
The basic idea is to duplicate as little code as possible. This helps make the program shorter, but especially, it makes it easier to maintain - if there is an error, or you want to add a feature, you do the change in a single place.
How are instructions converted to machine language?
Compilers or interpreters translate high-level code to machine language. Interpreted languages require a runtime to perform the conversion when the high-level code is executed whereas compiled languages are typically compiled to native machine code which requires no further translation. However, some languages compile the high-level code to an intermediate code known as byte code which is then interpreted to produce the machine code. This is typically done to improve performance, because it is quicker to interpret byte code than it is to interpret high level code (primarily because the byte code is more compact). Also, the byte code need only be compiled once but can be execute on any machine with a suitable interpreter. Java is a typical example of this (compiled Java byte code can be interpreted by the Java virtual machine on any physical machine). While this greatly improves performance and portability, the need for a runtime means the language is not suitable for general purpose programming (such as operating system kernels, device drivers, subsystems and so on), it can only be used to develop applications software. Despite the improved performance, compiled native machine code programs will always perform better than interpreted byte code. And although native machine code programs are not portable (they are machine-specific), the high-level source can be portable, it simply needs to be recompiled.
What problem is overcome by using a circular array for a static queue?
//Library File
#include
//Class to hold a person's data
class person
{
public:
int arr_time,trans_time;
};
//Class to implement queue
class Queue
{
private:
person data[5]; // An array object of the person class
int front,back; // 'front' and 'back' variables to point to the front value and back value
int count; //'count' counts the no. of elements present in the queue
public:
Queue() //Constructor
{
front=back=0;
count=0;
}
void inqueue(int a_tym,int t_tym) // Function to add data into the queue
{
if(count>=5)
cout<<"\n The queue is full.";
else
{
data[back].arr_time=a_tym;
data[back].trans_time=t_tym;
if(count<5&&count>0&&back!=4)
back++;
else if(count<5&&count>0&&back==4)
back=0;
count++;
}
}
void dequeue() // Function to remove data from the queue
{
if(count<=0)
cout<<"\n The queue is empty.";
else
{
if(count<5&&count>0&&front==4)
front=0;
else if (count<5&&count>0&&back!=4)
front++;
count--;
}
}
void Front() // Function to show the first element on the queue
{
cout<<"\n The arrival time of the first customer is :"<
cout<<"\n The transaction time is :"<
}
void Empty() // Function to check if the queue is empty or full
{
if(count<=0)
cout<<"\n The queue is empty.";
else if(count>=4)
cout<<"\n The queue is full.";
else
cout<<"\n The queue is not empty.";
}
};
void main()
{
Queue q1;
q1.inqueue(33,4);
q1.Front();
q1.inqueue(34,6);
q1.Front();
q1.dequeue();
q1.Front();
q1.inqueue(34,1);
q1.inqueue(35,3);
q1.inqueue(36,5);
q1.inqueue(39,7);
q1.Empty();
q1.Front();
}
How i can Write the program in fortran using goto statement?
The use of GOTOs in programming is generally considered to be bad form, because it very rapidly leads to "spaghetti code" where it is difficult or impossible to follow the program's logic flow.
However, given Fortran's comparatively weak set of flow controls, there are times when a GOTO is unavoidable or actually clearer than using a more-structured layout. A simple example would be a subroutine that checks its arguments for validity and exits immediately if it finds something incompatible. The alternatives would be
(A) Put a GOTO 99999 after each invalid condition is detected, where 99999 is the program's RETURN statement
(B) Set flags after each condition, falling through and checking more and more flags until you "naturally" reach the module's RETURN.
An example of (A) would be (using slight variations on Fortran 90 syntax)
subroutine foo(x,y)
implicit none
real*4 x, y
! Check for negative arguments
if (x < 0.0) then
print *, 'Argument X is negative'
goto 99999
endif
if (y < 0.0) then
print *, 'Argument Y is negative'
goto 99999
endif
! (Code body goes here ....)
99999 continue
return
end
Inheritence and its types in object oriented programmings?
There are only two types of inheritance in object oriented programming:
Single inheritance: where a class inherits directly from just one base class.
Multiple inheritance: where a class inherits directly from two or more base classes.
Multi-level inheritance is often thought of as being a separate type of inheritance, however inheritance relates to a derived class and those that it directly inherits from. If a base class is itself a derived class (an intermediate class), then its base class or classes are simply indirect base classes of the derivative. But in isolation, the intermediate class either uses single or multiple inheritance, even if its base class or classes are also intermediates.
Virtual inheritance is also thought of as being a separate type, however virtual inheritance doesn't change the relationship between classes within the hierarchy. the only difference virtual inheritance makes is that the virtual base class or classes are constructed by the most-derived class within the current hierarchy, rather than by their most direct descendants. In this way, only one instance of each virtual base exists in the hierarchy, rather than multiple instance as would normally exist. The actual inheritance is still single or multiple, however.
The disadvantage is poor reliability due to the ease with which type errors can be made, coupled with the impossibility of type checking detecting them
DDA uses float numbers and uses operators such as division and multiplication in its calculation. Bresgenham's algorithm uses ints and only uses addition and subtraction. Due to the use of only addition subtraction and bit shifting (multiplication and division use more resources and processor power) bresenhams algorithm is faster than DDA in producing the line. Im not sure, though if i remember right, they still produce the same line in the end.
One note concerning efficiency: Fixed point DDA algorithms are generally superior to Bresenhams algorithm on modern computers. The reason is that Bresenhams algorithm uses a conditional branch in the loop, and this results in frequent branch mispredictions in the CPU. Fixed point DDA also has fewer instructions in the loop body (one bit shift, one increment and one addition to be exact. In addition to the loop instructions and the actual plotting). As CPU pipelines become deeper, mispredictions penalties will become more severe.
Since DDA uses rounding off of the pixel position obtained by multiplication or division, causes an accumulation of error in the proceeding pixels whereas in Bresenhams line algorithm the new pixel is calculated with a small unit change in one direction and checking of nearest pixel with the decision variable satisfying the line equation.
What are preprocessor directive?
Preprocessor directives are used to mark code that is specific to a particular compiler and thus to a specific machine architecture. In this way, programmers can write cross-platform code in the same source and let the compiler decide which parts of the source to compile and which to ignore. In reality, the compiler never actually sees the preprocessor directives since the preprocessor creates new files containing only the code that is to be compiled. Hence the preprocessor is often called the precompiler. Normally, the intermediate source files are deleted as they are compiled, however your development environment should contain an option that allows you to view these files so you can see what the compiler actually works with.
In C and C++, all preprocessor directives have a leading # symbol, such as #include and #define.
#include is by far the most common preprocessor directive. When the precompiler encounters a #include statement, the named header file is essentially copy/pasted in place of the directive. However, all header files should also contain #ifndef header guards to ensure headers are only included once per compilation and these have to be preprocessed as well. Macro definitions are also preprocessed, replacing all instances of the macro symbol with the definition. Macro functions are also inline expanded but since the compiler only sees the expanded code, never the macro itself, the compiler cannot help you debug errant macros. This is why non-trivial macro functions are best avoided.
Short note on motherboard of computer?
motherboard is a most important part of system.Motherboard also now as main board or main CKT board or plaenboard all the component of system intrigrated are attached vaya motherboard.
Is it true or false that A linked list is a collection of nodes?
It is true that a linked list is a collection of nodes.And a node contains data part and a link part which contains address of the next node.
What does binary code 10101010 mean?
- 170/2 = 85 R 0. Therefore binary number so far is 0.
- 85/2 = 42 R 1. Therefore binary number so far is 10.
- 42/2 = 21 R 0. Therefore binary number so far is 010.
- 21/2 = 10 R 1. Therefore binary number so far is 1010.
- 10/2 = 5 R 0. Therefore binary number so far is 01010.
- 5/2 = 2 R 1. Therefore binary number so far is 101010.
- 2/2 = 1 R 0. Therefore binary number so far is 0101010.
- 1/2 = 0 R 1. Therefore binary number so far is 10101010.
- The integer portion of last division was 0 so for the decimal number 170, the binary equivalent is 10101010.
Draw the logic circuit for a haly adder using nand gates only?
____
____ c ----->|xor |------------> s
a ->|xor |-+------------>|____|
b ->|____| | _____ _____
+--->|nand |------>|nand |--> c
c ----->|_____| +-->|_____|
_____ |
a ----->|nand |--+
b ----->|_____|
What is absolute and relative error?
An absolute measurement is based on first principle measurements. Most measurements are comparison. An absolute measurement doesn't rely on calibration of the instrument. For example wavelength measurements can be made without calibration by looking at the number of beats per seconds (Hertz).
Absolute error is the magnitude of the difference between the exaxt value of the value measured. It can be expressed as a number, e.g. the molecular weight measured is 27 000 grams per moles while the known molecular weight of the structure is 27 500, the absolute error is 500 grams per mole.
How can you use abstract classes instead of interfaces?
In most cases, you will want to use abstract classes IN ADDITION to interfaces.
You should use an abstract class in the following circumstance:
- the abstract class is clearly part of class hierarchy, and does not just describe some sort of basic functionality. Specifically, abstract classes are a good idea where they will be directly inherited from to create a concrete concept, but the abstract class itself is too indistinct to have any specific instance of it created.
- You want to provide an implementation for a set of methods that will be reused by a significant number of other classes, all of which can be fit into a class hierarchy.
In practice, abstract classes are a good way to collect common code into one place, to make maintenance easier.
For instance, say you have a class and interface structure like this:
Class A
Interface X
Class B extends A implements X
Class C extends A implements X
Both B and C will have the all the methods declared in X; if the implementation of those methods is the same (or can be made the same), then X is a good candidate for changing to an abstract method:
Class A
Abstract Class X extends A
Class B extends X
Class C extends X
Thus, you have removed the code duplication that was happening when using interfaces.
Note that doing the above is NOT a good idea if any class which implement interface X cannot be made a subclass of the new abstract class X.
What arguments can be made against the idea of a single language for all programming domains?
You cannot. The only programming language understood natively by a machine is its own machine code. Every architecture has its own variant of machine code and for good reason. Just as the machine code for a piano player would make little or no sense to a Jacquard loom, the machine code for a mainframe would be impractical for a smart phone. Each machine has a specific purpose and therefore has its own unique set of opcodes to suit that purpose. Although some of those opcodes will be very similar and may have the same value associated with them, they won't necessarily operate in exactly the same way, so the sequence of opcodes is just as important as the opcodes themselves. Thus every machine not only has its own machine code it also has its own low-level assembly language to produce that machine code.
We could argue that we only need one high-level language, of course, but then that one language would have to be suitable for all types of programming on all types of machine. This is quite simply impossible, because some languages are better suited to certain domains than others. For instance, Java is an incredibly useful language because it is highly portable, but it is only useful for writing application software. It is of no practical use when it comes to writing operating system kernels or low-level drivers because all Java code is written against a common but ultimately non-existent virtual machine. If it were possible to write an operating system in Java, the extra level of abstraction required to convert the Java byte code to native machine code would result in far from optimal performance; never mind the fact you need to an interpreter to perform the conversion in the first place.
C++ is arguably more powerful than Java because it is general purpose and has zero overhead. Other than assembly, there is no other language capable of producing more efficient machine code than C++. However, C++ isn't a practical language for coding artificial intelligence systems; for that we need a language that is capable of rewriting its own source code, learning and adapting itself to new information. C++ is too low-level for that.
The mere fact we have so many high-level languages is testament to the fact we cannot have a single language across all programming domains. Languages are evolving all the time, borrowing ideas from each other. If a domain requires multiple paradigms for which no single language can accommodate, we can easily interoperate between the languages that provide the specific paradigms we need, possibly creating an entirely new language in the process. That's precisely how languages have evolved into the languages we see today.
Develop SRS for Library Information system?
Software Requirements Specification for Library Information System (LIS) Version 2.0 Prepared by Edgar Khachatryan American University of Armenia, CIS 1 April, 28, 2005 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Revision History 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Purpose 2 1.2 Project scope Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Definitions, acronyms, abbreviation Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Overall Description 2 2.1 Product Perspective 2 2.3 User Classes and Characteristics 3 2.4 Operating Environment 3 2.5 User Documentation 3 3. System Features 4 3.1 Searching 4 3.1 Clark 4 4. External Interface Requirements 4 4.1 User Interfaces 4 4.2 Software Interfaces 4 4.3 Communications Interfaces 4 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5 5.1 Safety Requirements 5 5.2 Security Requirements 5 5.3 Software Quality Attributes 5 6. Use Cases 5 Appendix A: Glossary 10 Revision History Name Date Reason For Changes Version Edgar Khachatryan 28.March.2005 Draft version 1.0 Draft Edgar Khachatryan 28.April.2005 2.0 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The goal of this document is to give description of how to use the Library Information System (LIS) (release 1.0). It gives complete information about functional and nonfunctional requirements of system. This SRS document is done for developers of LIS as well as for Library clerk and staff. Document easy to read and understood, there are no particular typographical conventions. 1.2 Project Scope Purpose of LIS is to automat activities of Library informational system such as storing information about books, members and sponsors as well as penalties will be executed by computer. LIS will allow doing statistics for Library purposes (such as, sorting books or ordering new books). LIS can be fully independent system, but also can be part of other systems. In all cases data base will be only in the local SC. All menus will be standardized by KDE standard. Main programming language will be C++ and for interface Visual Java. 1.3 References CIS 260 Software Engineering - I http://developer.kde.org/documentation/standards/kde/style/basics/index.html 1.4 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations LIS - Library Information System SC - Server Computer UC - User Computer SUC - Staff User Computer M1 - Undergraduate student M2 - Postgraduate student M3 - Research scholar M4 - Faculty Member 2. Overall Description 2.1 Product Perspective Software Library Information System is aimed to automate required activities of Library. LIS will give possibility to provide high quality service to the Library members, also to have high planned and fast work. Do to friendly and multifunctional interface Library clerk will be able to easily insert, delete and update data, also append comments concern stuff, sponsors, books and members. Also BS will be able to search and get information about books and their availabilities. 2.2 User Classes and Characteristics Clerk - The Clerk is an organizer of all activities in the Library. Clerk has an all rights and accesses to all private information. Clerk has an opportunity to delete or to add member's, staff's, book's, sponsor's or other important information. Clerk is a user of SC, all databases and statistics visible only for Clerk. Library Staff - Part of library staffs which have an access to the SUC allow giving book and taking returned books. Library staff Member - Each Library member has an ID number. They have access to UC and allow searching book and borrowing or reserving it. Members must return book in time or pay penalties. M1 - Undergraduate student, can issue up to 2 books for 1 mount duration. M2 - Postgraduate student, can issue up to 4 books for 1 mount duration. M3 - Research scholar, can issue up to 6 books for 3 mount duration. M4 - Faculty Member, can issue up to 10 books for 6 mount duration. Books - The Library has at least 10 000 books. Each book has unique number (ISBN). B1 - This books can be borrowed B2 - These books can only be used inside of Library. 2.3 Operating Environment LIS based on DOS platform and minimum requirements for hardware are 100 MB available in HDD, 8mb RAM and 2x CD-ROM. LIS copyrighted by CIS 1 and fully maintained, it working in two languages (English and Armenian) but can be translated in any language. 2.4 User Documentation LIS sell give help when user pushing F1 in keyboard as well as by clicking into help button. Help includes guidelines about searching and borrowing the book. Also there is documentation where each member could get information about borrowing durations and Library policy. For the first time shell give tutorial in Macromedia Flash environment. 3. System Features 3.1 Searching Searching can be done in two ways by title and by author. If keyword true information about book will be executed with information is it available or not. If keyword wrong system will send massage with error condition. If keyword true but book not available system will return information about book with information about borrowing period. 3.2 Clerk Clerk putting ID number of member, if member has penalties system sending alarm with information about penalty, otherwise it continues work. Then clerk putting ISBN of book and if it is not reserved system asking about allowing to continue if answer OK it moving book from available into borrowed. 4. External Interface Requirements 4.1 User Interfaces LIS are very friendly it can be used by user without any explanation. 4.2 Software Interfaces LIS including two parts of system, one for member and second for user. In user part only search is available, in clerk part available all parts of system. 4.3 Communications Interfaces Communications realized by standard forms and massage windows. 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5.1 Safety Requirements Product can be installed only if there are some kinds of operating system which are based on DOS or if available only DOS. Strongly requirement is to close LIS before shutting down computer. 5.2 Security Requirements Copying or using LIS not allowing without asking CIS 1. 5.3 Software Quality Attributes LIS very specific software for specific purpose, it is very easy and safe, with high productiveness. 6. Use Cases Use Case ID: 1 Use Case Name: Search of Material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader, Library Staff Description: A User accesses the LIS for searching a material. The process should be executed by LIS not more than 1 min. Preconditions: User is logged into LIS Postconditions: None Normal Flow: 1.0 Searching material 1. User asks to search material. 2. System opens appropriate place for choosing material. 3. User chooses appropriate material. 4. System opens appropriate place for searching. 5. User enters the key (keys) for searching the material. 6. System brings found records' list (records). 7. User chooses one record. Alternative Flows: None Exceptions: 1.0. E.1. Material to be searched does not exist. 1. System informs the user that the material does not exist in LIS data base. 2. User cancels the searching process. 3. System returns the user to the main window. Priority: Low Notes and Issues: Material is a book, CD, video, document, magazine, e-book. Use Case ID: 2 Use Case Name: Holding material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: A User accesses the LIS for holding a material. The process should be executed by LIS not more than 1 min. Preconditions: User is logged into LIS. Postconditions: 1. The delete process is conformed. 2. System updates the holding list. Normal Flow: 1.0 Holding material 1. User asks to search material. 2. System opens appropriate place for choosing material. 3. User chooses appropriate material. 4. System opens appropriate place for searching. 5. User enters the key (keys) for searching the material. 6. System brings found records' list (records). 7. User chooses one record. 8. User holds material. Alternative Flows: None: Exceptions: 1.0. E.1. Material to be hold does not exist. 1. System informs the user that the material does not exist in LIS data base. 2. User cancels the holding process. 3. System returns the user to the main window. Priority: High Notes and Issues: User can hold maximum 5 materials. Use Case ID: 3 Use Case Name: Returning book Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 4 Use Case Name: Input Output member Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 5 Use Case Name: Statistics Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 6 Use Case Name: Input Output Material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 7 Use Case Name: Info about availableness Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 8 Use Case Name: Distant contact between reader and staff Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader and Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 9 Use Case Name: Penalty system Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: LIS Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 10 Use Case Name: Accountant system Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: LIS Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 11 Use Case Name: Print Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader, Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 12 Use Case Name: Reserve of material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Appendix A: Glossary Fig.2. Sequence Diagram of LIS Fig.2. Class Diagram of LIS Fig.1. Use case diagram of LIS Software Requirements Specification for Library Information System (LIS) Version 2.0 Prepared by Edgar Khachatryan American University of Armenia, CIS 1 April, 28, 2005 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Revision History 1 1. Introduction 2 1.1 Purpose 2 1.2 Project scope Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Definitions, acronyms, abbreviation Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Overall Description 2 2.1 Product Perspective 2 2.3 User Classes and Characteristics 3 2.4 Operating Environment 3 2.5 User Documentation 3 3. System Features 4 3.1 Searching 4 3.1 Clark 4 4. External Interface Requirements 4 4.1 User Interfaces 4 4.2 Software Interfaces 4 4.3 Communications Interfaces 4 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5 5.1 Safety Requirements 5 5.2 Security Requirements 5 5.3 Software Quality Attributes 5 6. Use Cases 5 Appendix A: Glossary 10 Revision History Name Date Reason For Changes Version Edgar Khachatryan 28.March.2005 Draft version 1.0 Draft Edgar Khachatryan 28.April.2005 2.0 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose The goal of this document is to give description of how to use the Library Information System (LIS) (release 1.0). It gives complete information about functional and nonfunctional requirements of system. This SRS document is done for developers of LIS as well as for Library clerk and staff. Document easy to read and understood, there are no particular typographical conventions. 1.2 Project Scope Purpose of LIS is to automat activities of Library informational system such as storing information about books, members and sponsors as well as penalties will be executed by computer. LIS will allow doing statistics for Library purposes (such as, sorting books or ordering new books). LIS can be fully independent system, but also can be part of other systems. In all cases data base will be only in the local SC. All menus will be standardized by KDE standard. Main programming language will be C++ and for interface Visual Java. 1.3 References CIS 260 Software Engineering - I http://developer.kde.org/documentation/standards/kde/style/basics/index.html 1.4 Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations LIS - Library Information System SC - Server Computer UC - User Computer SUC - Staff User Computer M1 - Undergraduate student M2 - Postgraduate student M3 - Research scholar M4 - Faculty Member 2. Overall Description 2.1 Product Perspective Software Library Information System is aimed to automate required activities of Library. LIS will give possibility to provide high quality service to the Library members, also to have high planned and fast work. Do to friendly and multifunctional interface Library clerk will be able to easily insert, delete and update data, also append comments concern stuff, sponsors, books and members. Also BS will be able to search and get information about books and their availabilities. 2.2 User Classes and Characteristics Clerk - The Clerk is an organizer of all activities in the Library. Clerk has an all rights and accesses to all private information. Clerk has an opportunity to delete or to add member's, staff's, book's, sponsor's or other important information. Clerk is a user of SC, all databases and statistics visible only for Clerk. Library Staff - Part of library staffs which have an access to the SUC allow giving book and taking returned books. Library staff Member - Each Library member has an ID number. They have access to UC and allow searching book and borrowing or reserving it. Members must return book in time or pay penalties. M1 - Undergraduate student, can issue up to 2 books for 1 mount duration. M2 - Postgraduate student, can issue up to 4 books for 1 mount duration. M3 - Research scholar, can issue up to 6 books for 3 mount duration. M4 - Faculty Member, can issue up to 10 books for 6 mount duration. Books - The Library has at least 10 000 books. Each book has unique number (ISBN). B1 - This books can be borrowed B2 - These books can only be used inside of Library. 2.3 Operating Environment LIS based on DOS platform and minimum requirements for hardware are 100 MB available in HDD, 8mb RAM and 2x CD-ROM. LIS copyrighted by CIS 1 and fully maintained, it working in two languages (English and Armenian) but can be translated in any language. 2.4 User Documentation LIS sell give help when user pushing F1 in keyboard as well as by clicking into help button. Help includes guidelines about searching and borrowing the book. Also there is documentation where each member could get information about borrowing durations and Library policy. For the first time shell give tutorial in Macromedia Flash environment. 3. System Features 3.1 Searching Searching can be done in two ways by title and by author. If keyword true information about book will be executed with information is it available or not. If keyword wrong system will send massage with error condition. If keyword true but book not available system will return information about book with information about borrowing period. 3.2 Clerk Clerk putting ID number of member, if member has penalties system sending alarm with information about penalty, otherwise it continues work. Then clerk putting ISBN of book and if it is not reserved system asking about allowing to continue if answer OK it moving book from available into borrowed. 4. External Interface Requirements 4.1 User Interfaces LIS are very friendly it can be used by user without any explanation. 4.2 Software Interfaces LIS including two parts of system, one for member and second for user. In user part only search is available, in clerk part available all parts of system. 4.3 Communications Interfaces Communications realized by standard forms and massage windows. 5. Other Nonfunctional Requirements 5.1 Safety Requirements Product can be installed only if there are some kinds of operating system which are based on DOS or if available only DOS. Strongly requirement is to close LIS before shutting down computer. 5.2 Security Requirements Copying or using LIS not allowing without asking CIS 1. 5.3 Software Quality Attributes LIS very specific software for specific purpose, it is very easy and safe, with high productiveness. 6. Use Cases Use Case ID: 1 Use Case Name: Search of Material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader, Library Staff Description: A User accesses the LIS for searching a material. The process should be executed by LIS not more than 1 min. Preconditions: User is logged into LIS Postconditions: None Normal Flow: 1.0 Searching material 1. User asks to search material. 2. System opens appropriate place for choosing material. 3. User chooses appropriate material. 4. System opens appropriate place for searching. 5. User enters the key (keys) for searching the material. 6. System brings found records' list (records). 7. User chooses one record. Alternative Flows: None Exceptions: 1.0. E.1. Material to be searched does not exist. 1. System informs the user that the material does not exist in LIS data base. 2. User cancels the searching process. 3. System returns the user to the main window. Priority: Low Notes and Issues: Material is a book, CD, video, document, magazine, e-book. Use Case ID: 2 Use Case Name: Holding material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: A User accesses the LIS for holding a material. The process should be executed by LIS not more than 1 min. Preconditions: User is logged into LIS. Postconditions: 1. The delete process is conformed. 2. System updates the holding list. Normal Flow: 1.0 Holding material 1. User asks to search material. 2. System opens appropriate place for choosing material. 3. User chooses appropriate material. 4. System opens appropriate place for searching. 5. User enters the key (keys) for searching the material. 6. System brings found records' list (records). 7. User chooses one record. 8. User holds material. Alternative Flows: None: Exceptions: 1.0. E.1. Material to be hold does not exist. 1. System informs the user that the material does not exist in LIS data base. 2. User cancels the holding process. 3. System returns the user to the main window. Priority: High Notes and Issues: User can hold maximum 5 materials. Use Case ID: 3 Use Case Name: Returning book Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 4 Use Case Name: Input Output member Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 5 Use Case Name: Statistics Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 6 Use Case Name: Input Output Material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 7 Use Case Name: Info about availableness Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 8 Use Case Name: Distant contact between reader and staff Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader and Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 9 Use Case Name: Penalty system Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: LIS Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 10 Use Case Name: Accountant system Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: LIS Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 11 Use Case Name: Print Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader, Library Staff Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Use Case ID: 12 Use Case Name: Reserve of material Created By: Edgar Khachatryan Last Updated by Edgar Khachatryan Date Created: April, 20, 2005 Date Last Updated Actors: Reader Description: Preconditions: Postconditions: Normal Flow: Alternative Flows: Exceptions: Priority: Notes and Issues: Appendix A: Glossary Fig.2. Sequence Diagram of LIS Fig.2. Class Diagram of LIS Fig.1. Use case diagram of LIS
Write a c program to add 2 no without using plus operator?
You can make use of pointers to achieve this.
void add( int *a, int *b){
(*a) += (*b);
}
Now if two numbers a and b are given and you need to store the value in variable c, then you would perform:
c = a;
add(&c,&b);
Who are the manufacturers of system BIOS programs?
There are several BIOS manufacturers in existence. Phoenix and American Megatrends (AMI) are the two major ones still in existence (Award was purchased by Phoenix in 1998). Some OEMs, notably Toshiba, also develop their own BIOS in-house.
What is the advantages of binary digits over the decimal?
Computers do not understand decimal notation. All information (both instructions and data) must be converted to a binary representation before the machine can understand it. We use the symbols 0 and 1 (binary notation) but the machine has a variety of physical representations it can use to encode binary data, including transistors, flux transitions, on/off switches and so on.
A design technique that programmers use to break down an algorithm into modules is known as?
When a programmer breaks down a problem into a series of high-level tasks and continues to break each task into successively more detailed subtasks, this method of algorithm creation is called:
Which language is used to develop Windows OS?
Microsoft Windows is most likely developed using C and/or C++ for the majority of its internals. I remember seeing a "leaked" copy of the Microsoft Windows source code (though I never had a chance to verify its legitimacy), but considering that virtually all of Microsoft's software is written in "Win32" or "Win64" C++, and that most drivers are also written in C/C++, it stands to reason that Windows is primarily written using C and/or C++, with small pieces written in "assembler" to bridge the gap between limitations in C++ and the necessary instructions for enabling task gates, etc, that do not have standard C++ headers.
An algorithm to Reversing the order of elements on stack S using 1 additional stacks?
// stack to contain content
Stack sourceStack = new Stack();
// ... fill sourceStack with content
// stack to contain reversed content
Stack targetStack = new Stack();
while (!sourceStack.empty())
{
targetStack.push(sourceStack.pop());
}
// targetStack contains the reversed content of sourceStack
The 1-bit-per-chip organization has several advantages. It requires
fewer pins on the package (only one data out line); therefore, a higher
density of bits can be achieved for a given size package. Also, it is
somewhat more reliable because it has onoy one output driver. These
benefits have led to the traditional use of 1-bit-per-chip for RAM. In
most cases, ROMs are much smaller than RAMs and it is often possible to get
an entire ROM on one or two chips if a multiple-bits-per-chip organization
is used. This saves on cost and is sufficient reason to adopt that
organization.
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