Electronics Engineering

{| ! CMOS ! TTL | CMOS has good packing density. TTL takes up more space CMOS has better noise immmunity. TTL has a smaller noise immunity range CMOS has a large fan out. TTL can power less inputs CMOS consume less power. TTL use more power CMOS are highly static sensitive. TTL IC's tend to be less susceptible to static electricity CMOS uses FETS (Field-Effect Transistors) TTL uses BJTs (Bipolar junction Transistors CMOS can run with a range of supply voltages. TTL IC's run with a 5V supply. CMOS uses Vdd and Vss for it's power connections TTL uses BJTs (Bipolar junction Transistors CMOS takes a lot less power and is therefore suitable for battery applications, but generally speaking can't run as fast. TTL devices can drive more power into a load. CMOS chips can be damaged by static electricity: even a static jolt that you or I can't feel might destroy a CMOS chip! |}

A radio tuned to the desired frequency would do the job.

There are many complex explanations for current flow in electronics. The answer below describes the basic requirements without including great detail. For a more academic discussion, you are advised to look at relevant sections of text books on electrical and electronic engineering.

In order for electrical current to flow, there must be two things:

1) A voltage (sometimes referred to as a "potential difference"). The voltage can be created by a battery, a generator, a solar cell or a mains voltage outlet.

2) A complete circuit. This must include conductors such as wires that start at the positive terminal of the voltage source and at the far end, return to the negative terminal of the voltage source. Other components such as lamps, resistors and switches can form part of the complete circuit.

We must have a voltage for current to flow because without it, there is no "electrical force" to cause the current to flow.

We need a complete circuit so that the current can flow from the positive of the voltage source, through conductors and return to the negative of the voltage source. Current will flow through any complete circuit. If a switch is part of the circuit, when it is open, no current can flow because the circuit has been broken. When the switch is closed, the circuit is complete and current will flow once again.

Therefore, it is possible to have a voltage without a current (switch open, for example) but it is not possible to have a current without a voltage.

NB: Mains electricity is alternating current. It follows the same principles as the DC examples mentioned above although there is a changing voltage rather than a constant voltage.

its a mixture of aluminum and steel ,having more resistivity anr moreflexible .

For radio broadcasting, sound waves are converted to electrical waves that are further transmitted. This transformation is done by a device called a transducer, which converts physical parameters into an electrical form (signals).

There is not one answer to this question but the most important thing to check is that the cable/antenna/satellite connector is connected properly and tight. Think of this connection as your desired signal path and the radio stuff as the undesired signal. The quality of the desired connection can make all the difference. There are so many variables to the question that you may need to repost with specifics/progress etc.

A cheap multimeter can be used to test if a capacitor is burnt out. Connect one lead of the capacitor to one lead from a resistor (about 50k ohms). Set the multimeter to a high "ohms" setting and place the test leads on the remaining cap and resistor leads. The display should begin at 50 KOhms and then get higher and higher until it reads infinity/overload.

A bad capacitor will either start at infinity/overload or start at 50KOhms and stay there. It won't tell you the ferad rating of the capacitor, but it will give a starting point to troubleshoot.

Asking about biasing of the emitter alone does not make sense. When you talk about bias, you talk about a junction, such as emitter-base or emitter-collector or base-collector.

In a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) both the emitter-base and emitter-collector need to be forward biased, otherwise you are operating the BJT in cutoff mode.

Certainly, if you intend to operate the BJT as a switch, then reverse bias for emitter-base (actually, zero bias) could well be one of the valid states, corresponding to a cutoff condition for emitter-collector.

However, operation in linear mode, the other normal way to use a BJT, requires that both the emitter-base and the emitter-collector be forward biased. Of course, depending on the ratio of emitter-base to emitter-collector versus hFe, you could also be saturated, which is a non-linear mode, i.e. an on switch.

So as to deliver a fair and impartial trial. Bias would militate against delivering impartiality.

I will answer this in the simplest way I know in the application I use it in; this would be in audio applications. Amplitude modulation is modulation of a carrier source's loudness; Frequency modulation is modulation of a carrier source's pitch; and Phase modulation is modulation of a carrier source's duty cycle/symmetry/timbre. One can often notice that all 3 modulation types relate in some way with another in that when frequency rises and falls it typically makes it favorable for either a rise in loudness or timbre. The most analog way to understand it in nature is typically your small vowel sounds like "iiiiiiiiiiiiii" as in the American-English word 'easy' and 'eeeeeeeeeeee' as in 'edge' are easier to say with loudness at higher pitches; medium vowel sounds like 'uuuuuuuuuuu' as in 'Utter' or 'sOn' and 'aaaaaaaaaaaa' as in 'Awe' *chuckles* are easier to say with loudness at medium pitches; large vowel sounds like 'ooooooooooo' as in 'Oh' and 'uuuuuuuuuuuu' as in 'rUne' are easier to say with loudness at lower pitches. AM is often known as 'tremolo'; FM is often known as 'vibrato'; PM is often known as 'wow'; AM/FM is 'vibremelo' and fill in the blanks for the other sub-variants. Maikel Stellerfield

Theoretically not allowed and practically not safe or desirable to have two current sources in series or two voltage sources in parallel. In practice, the sources will get hot and catch on fire -- very unwise to even try.

A heated metal in a vacuum with an electrical charge can emit electrons. The filament is the part of the tube that gets hot. Some tubes use electrons emitted from the filament. Others use the filament to heat a metal cathode, causing it to emit electrons. The electrons flow to a positively charged "plate" electrode through the vacuum.

Yes. The Rajasthan Vidyapeeth University is affiliated with the UGC.

Many universities in India are not UGC approved although they had written on their website but it is fake, due to which students face lots of problem after doing courses from them.

If by capacities you mean voltages then they will add in series and have the voltage of the lower one in parallel. Putting them in parallel will generate alot of heat because the wire acts as resistor to allow the current to drop from the first battery to the second.

A: Transistor like any diode leaks a very small current. This leakage is specified as Ico tested with the base open. Manufacture specification sheets will have this information for each device that they manufacture.

Your question is confusing, but if you are asking whether you can use a 9V/250 mA adapter to supply a load device rated at 5 V/1000 mA, then the rule is quite straightforward. The adapter's rated output voltage must match that of the intended load, but its rated current must exceed that of the load. So in your example, you cannot use the adapter with the intended load.

A conductor having low resistance in parallel with another device to divert a fraction of the current. It is sometimes called a Resistor. The causative diversion of venous blood into oxygenated arterial blood and thus mixing is also a shunt. "shunting"

Modulation is the way a source of information transmits that information through a carrier.

For example, look at human speech. A person, the source of information, transmits data by modulating the air with sound waves in a way that is understandable to other humans. In this case the air is the carrier.

Multiplexing is when many slower data lines (CAT5, POTS, etc.) are combined into a single faster data line (T1, Optical Fiber). An example is the communications backbone between two cities. A fast, high bandwidth optical line joins the cities together, but when it reaches either city's limits, it is split up into many individual phone or data circuits.

The bottom line is that modulation is how a source manipulates the carrier where as multiplexing is combining multiple circuits into a single, faster line and then separating them again.

"P" is for Positive and "N" is for Negative

So basically put a PNP Transistor Would use N to Switch P, in the name "PNP" or "NPN" the first character is for the polarity of the Collector-pin, the second for the Base-Pin, and the third for the Emmiter-pin.

So if you have a PNP Transistor you can`t just replace it with an NPN as the polarities differ. If you can find a way to change those polarities then sure it could work.

The Collector-pin basically receives the bigger current. The Base-pin determines how much of that current will be transferred to the emmiter-pin. So in a PNP the base current could for example be 0V and the Collector 5V, this will allow a free flow of current from Collector to Emmiter, the usage of a transistor in many cases is to switch high current with lower current.

The main difference is that a PNP transistor uses "holes" as carriers and an NPN transistor uses electrons as carriers (It is to be remembered that the flow of current is always in the direction opposite to that of the flow of electrons).

The difference in the symbol for the two transistors are that the PNP transistor will have an arrow pointed to the base from the emitter, and the NPN has it pointing outside.

A: Regulation is a term describing means and ways to control either voltage or current. On an analogue circuit feedback circuitry are implemented to decrease the output to compensate for an increase in input. on digital regulators again feedback is used to modify a pulse duty cycle to compensate for the same thing.

The current you set it to work at. Using for example resistors you can set the voltages and currents at a certain DC level. At that point the transistor will work. It is mostly (but not always) used to put the transistor in its linear region.

The equation relating diode voltage and current is: Id = Is*(exp(Vd / n*Vt) - 1) Where: Id = Diode current Is = Saturation current exp() = exponential function (e^) n = Ideality factor Vt = Thermal voltage The relationship between temperature and diode voltage comes from this Vt, the Thermal voltage, which is defined as: Vt = k*T / q Where k = Boltzmann constant (8.617 * 10^−5 eV/K) T = Temperature in Kelvin q = Elemental charge (1.602 * 10^−19 C) Thus, the temperature affects the thermal voltage (an electrostatic voltage across the PN junction), which affects the diode's Id and Vd properties.