Endocrine System

Oxytocin is sometimes known as the cuddle hormone because of its influence on maternal behavior and pair bonding. It is found all over the brains and reproductive systems of both sexes. Oxytocin is produced naturally in the hypothalamus in the brain. It hormone that affects the brain as a result of its interactions with gonadal steroids like estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and corticosterone. This hormone is key to pair bonding. Oxytocin is a hormone that is released into the blood during many types of touching. The physical effects of oxytocin include increased sensitivity of nerve endings, stimulated muscle contractions, increased heart rate plus an urge to touch and cuddle. The emotional feelings it produces are associated with affection, bonding, caring, love, peace, nurturing, security, and attachment. Oxytocin is one of the two major hormones secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. he posterior pituitary itself largely comprises endings of nerves whose cell bodies lie in the brain in the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is a relatively small peptide hormone, composed of only 9 amino acids. It is synthesized in nerve cells in the hypothalamus in the form of a larger, precursor molecule, which is transported down the nerve fibres through the pituitary stalk to the posterior lobe. The active hormone is cleaved from the precursor during this process.

Cretinism is primarily caused by a deficiency in thyroid hormone, particularly during fetal development or early childhood. The lack of thyroid hormone can lead to stunted physical and mental development.

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight of flight response. The the adrenal glands release epinephrine in the fight or flight response, and norepinephrine after the threat ceases.

Iodine. An iodine deficiency can lead to an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and weight gain due to an underactive thyroid. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism and can affect weight.

Peptide hormones are polar and hydrophilic. They are composed of amino acids and are soluble in water, allowing them to travel through the bloodstream to their target cells. Examples include insulin and growth hormone.

interaction of multiple endocrine glands and hormones in a coordinated manner to maintain homeostasis in the body. Key players include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, which work together through a series of feedback loops to regulate various physiological processes such as metabolism, growth, and stress response. disruptions in this intricate system can lead to hormonal imbalances and various health issues.

An endocrinologist is a specialist in diseases of the endocrine system. They are trained to diagnose and treat conditions related to hormone imbalances and disorders of the endocrine glands, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and hormonal issues. Endocrinologists work to help patients manage their conditions through hormone therapy, medications, and lifestyle modifications.

Testosterone is the primary hormone in males responsible for promoting aggression. It plays a significant role in regulating competitive and assertive behaviors. High levels of testosterone have been linked to increased aggression levels in males.

The regulatory system of humans includes endocrine glands and hormones. The endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various body functions such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. These hormones act as chemical messengers and help maintain balance within the body.

The adrenal medulla develops from the sympathetic nervous system. It is responsible for secreting hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) in response to stress or danger.

satan doesnt produce hormone but satan is hormone itself. Think about it

Corticosteroids, such as cortisol, are hormones that help reduce inflammation by suppressing the immune response that causes inflammation.

leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by signaling the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.

The chemical name for adrenaline is "epinephrine." It is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, helping to increase heart rate, dilate airways, and mobilize energy.

Yes, peptide hormones are generally water soluble. This makes it easier for them to be transported in the bloodstream and to interact with their target cells or receptors which are often located on cell membranes.

No, it is not currently possible to use hormones to specifically choose a child's physical appearance. Genetics play a significant role in determining a child's looks, and there is no known way to manipulate this process using hormones.

Positive feedback tends to magnify a process or increase its output by reinforcing and amplifying the desired behavior or outcome. This can lead to exponential growth or improvement in the system or process.

Thyroid vesicles are small sac-like structures within the thyroid gland that store thyroid hormones. These vesicles are lined with cells that secrete hormones into the bloodstream when stimulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland.

The term "hormone" was coined by British physiologist Ernest Starling in 1905. He used this term to describe chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands that regulate various physiological processes in the body.

insulin. Glucagon acts in opposition to insulin by promoting the release of stored glucose from the liver into the bloodstream, leading to increased blood sugar levels. This helps balance blood sugar levels during fasting or times of energy need.

Yes it does. It also commonly contains quaternary structure.

Secondary structure refers to folding and bonding interactions between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, either forming alpha-helices or Beta-sheets. Oxytocin contains both of these secondary structures as well as Beta-turns. Beta-sheets come in anti-parallel and parallel versions. Parallel means that the direction of the associated chains run in the same direction; N-terminus to C-terminus. Anti-parallel means that one or more of the associated chains run in an opposite direction to the others.


Tertiary structure refers to interactions between side chains of the polypeptide residues. a good example of this is the disulfide bonds liking two cysteine residues which does occur in Oxytocin.


Quaternary structure refers to association of separate polypeptide chains. Oxytocin can be found as a single chain in which case there is no quaternary structure. It is not uncommon however to find it as a pentamer, tetramer, or dimer. Conditions play a major factor in effecting its quaternary structure. whether it is in aqueous solution, biological conditions (cells), or crystallized. Another good example of quaternary structure is Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a dimer of dimers. 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains.

Yes,it is a hormone.It is secreted by adrenal medulla.

Women are more prone to goiter due to hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause, as well as hormonal imbalances, such as thyroid disorders. Estrogen can stimulate the growth of thyroid tissue, leading to an increased risk of goiter in women compared to men. Additionally, women are more likely to develop autoimmune thyroid diseases, which can also contribute to goiter formation.

The precursor protein contains both oxytocin and neurophysin 1 -

MAGPSLACCL LGLLALTSAC YIQNCPLGGK RAAPDLDVRK CLPCGPGGKG RCFGPNICCA

EELGCFVGTA EALRCQEENY LPSPCQSGQK ACGSGGRCAV LGLCCSPDGC HADPACDAEA

This protein is cleaved to yield neurophysin-1 precursor and the protein oxytocin which is-

CYIQNCPLG (highlighted in the above)

All sequences from human source.

Growth hormone promotes growth by stimulating cell growth and division, while growth hormone releasing hormone triggers the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. By using both hormones together, a synergistic effect can be achieved to maximize growth-promoting benefits in children with short statures.