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Ethics and Morality
Ethics is about what we should – and should not - do. It includes identification of basic principles, e.g. the prerogatives of property owners; and the application of those principles to actual situations, e.g. copyright protection of intellectual property over the Internet.
2,801 Questions
Dialogue as a philosophy began in ancient Greece, with the classical argumentation of philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates. Dialogue is a natural inclusion in any discussion of ethics because some scholars (J. E. Grunig, 2001; Habermas, 1984) argue that dialogue is inherently ethical. They see dialogue as ethical because it engages in a give and take discussion of public relations issues with the chance for all interested parties to have input. The discussion is ultimately supposed to arrive at truth or to reveal the underlying truth to which the parties can agree. Ideas are evaluated on merit alone rather than on a positional basis. It should be noted that this distinction is a fine one that separates advocacy from dialogue - true dialogue argues based on merits until truth is reached. Advocacy argues positionally, meaning according to the arguments from the side of the client or employer, rather than from any or all sides. The advocate's position may or may not be aligned with truth, but it starts with a bias in the discussion and thus fails the test of being truly ethical. A dialogue can potentially reach a truth that could be negative to an employer or client simply based on meritorious arguments, and is seen as ethical since it does not favor any one party over the views of others.
Public relations scholars such as Heath (2006) see dialogue as the way in which a good organization engages in open communication with its publics. The virtue or good character of the organization is maintained through its efforts to communicate with publics, discussing issues in a dialogue of give and take. This "wrangle in the marketplace" (Heath, 2001) results in the best ideas rising to the top, regardless of their origin. Heath (2006) explained, "What was needed was not more articulate advocates, but advocates who had achieved higher standards of corporate responsibility". This higher standard is to engage in dialogue for the sake of achieving an understanding of the truth, and truth can arise from any perspective. One note to keep in mind is that dialogue must be entered into with good intentions; Kent and Taylor (2002) wisely noted that "If one partner subverts the dialogic process through manipulation, disconfirmation, or exclusion, then the end result will not be dialogic" (p. 24).
Pearson (1989a) explored the concept of dialogue as an ethical basis for public relations. He thought that public relations was best defined as "the management of interpersonal dialectic" (Pearson, 1989b, p. 177) emphasizing the personal relationship maintenance and building functions of public relations with members of publics. An entire strain of research (Ledingham & Bruning, 2001, 2000) has found that relationship building functions are the most crucial aspect of public relations, and Pearson's link to the usefulness of dialogue in doing that makes perfect sense. Dialogue is best seen as an ongoing process of seeking understanding and relationship, with the potential to resolve ethical dilemmas through a mutual creation of truth. Kent and Taylor (2002) offer an extensive list of factors to consider in engaging in the process of dialogue, and it is an invaluable resource for public relations professionals seeking to build that process into the communication of their organization.
Most people who think of public relations as advocacy would not agree with the dialogical position because they believe that the organization can best define facts related to an issue and persuade publics to understand or agree with those interpretations (Pfau & Wan, 2006). These scholars (Fitzpatrick & Bronstein, 2006; Miller, 1989; Peters, 1987) agree that the advocate role of public relations is similar to that of an attorney, in which Pfau and Wan pointed out that "persuasion plays an integral role" (p. 102). However, this approach lacks authenticity because it emphasizes one-sided persuasion and does not allow for the validity of contrary facts emerging outside the organization or from other publics.
Advocacy can sometimes be difficult because it can confuse loyalty to the client or employer with loyalty to the truth. For instance, a long-term ethical approach might be to help the client change or improve operations to ensure future viability, but this perspective can be overlooked in favor of short-term success or loyalty to management's interpretation of issues. Although some advocates maintain that an ethically responsible approach is enough (Fitzpatrick & Bronstein, 2006) many executive-level practitioners explain that they need more powerful means of analyses in terms of ethical issue resolution (Bowen, 2002b, 2006). Alternate views see public relations as the organization's objective or balanced advisory voice in strategic management, as discussed below.
What symbol would be offensive to Africa Americans?
The K.K.K symbol, a burning cross symbol, a symbol of a man hanging from a tree.
Reflective morality is the internalized version of right and wrong from the elements of our upbringing. Reflective morality can include both religious morality, customary morality, and empathy.
What are the five guidelines for ethical speech making discussed in this chapter?
Avoid name calling and others forms of abusive language,plagiarism and the internet,be courteous and attentive,avoid prejudging the speaking,maintain the free and open expression ideas.
Who reviews a report of an alleged ethics violation in the military?
The US Government and US Military takes all complaints very seriously, there is a US office of Government ethics. The Government ethics office would follow up ethics violations plus the relevant defense agencies head ethics officials.
Why is code of ethics and conduct crucial one in customer care?
why is the code of ethics and conduct crucial once in customer care?with example describe
Why was situation ethics rejected by the church?
Situational ethics states that certain other moral norms can be disregarded when agape love requires it. This is a variation on teleological ethics, which states that the ends justify the means. One example given by the founder situational ethics, Joseph Fletcher, was that of a woman who had sexual relations with a guard at a Ukranian POW camp in order to get pregnant and be released to return to her family. The argument was that the loving thing to do was return to her family and this end allowed her to achieve it through whatever means necessary.
The Church rejects this ethic because it is wrong to place the demands of love in opposition to the demands of morality, since love seeks to fulfill perfectly the law of morality. The loving thing to do in the above scenario would be for the wife to remain steadfast in her love for her husband and family and not to succumb to pressure. A love which violates the laws of morality is not a love at all. The objective laws of morality cannot be bent to love nor do they have to be, since love is in accord with them.
For more information, see Pope John Paul II's Veritatis Splendor, #71-83.
What do you call a Hindu liar?
No religion teaches, preaches or permits telling a lie and Hinduism the last.
Lying is a human nature practiced out of fear and it is universal in all minkind irrespective of any faith, religion or community
Ethical farming is where a serious attempt is made by the operators of one or more farms to address the ethical inadequacies of modern farming. Exactly which farming methods are 'ethical' and 'unethical' depends on who you ask. A lot of people are only concerned about cruelty to animals, but my opinion is that many other modern farming practises are also unethical.
Factory farming of chickens- Wild chickens or those allowed by their owners to roam naturally form a 'pecking order' or social heirarchy, roam over a considerable area of land, scratch and peck at the ground, dust-bathe, and find a comfortable and safe place to roost at night and suitable nests to lay their eggs.
- Modern egg production methods see three chickens locked into a cage where they barely have room to move. They have their beaks cruelly cut off or burnt off with no anaesthetic as chicks, so they cannot peck each other. They spend their entire lives on a wire floor and are never able to show natural behavior. They must lay their eggs onto this slanted floor where they roll down into a collection tray. They lose all their feathers, and are put down after around a year because under such stressful conditions their production declines. (Healthy chickens may produce eggs for almost six years in some cases.) I have attempted to rehabilitate battery hens; at first they cannot walk due to the deformity of their feet living on a wire floor, and some are so mentally disturbed that they never recover.
- ETHICAL ALTERNATIVE: Free-range or barn-laid egg production. Barn-laid eggs are laid by chickens that are kept inside a large barn and allowed to roam within this space. Provisions are usually made to give the chickens a more natural diet (ie some fresh vegetation) and behavior (ie dust and water provided for bathing.) However, barn-laid conditions are still cramped and smelly. Free-range chickens are allowed to roam both inside a barn and in an outdoor run, but again their conditions are usually overcrowded. If you are really concerned about the way chickens are treated, try to buy locally produced eggs that are truly free range.
- Naturally, pigs are extremely intelligent animals. They are often portrayed as dirty, revolting and stupid. Nothing could be further from the truth. Given the option (ie a large run), a pig will always use the same corner as its toilet to avoid soiling its eating and sleeping areas. In addition, pigs consistently make it into the lists of the top ten most intelligent animals, with some scientists even ranking them as fourth (this puts them above most monkeys in intelligence.)
- Modern pork production methods treat pigs in an absolutely disgusting manner. Pigs are locked into tiny cages where they have no room to turn around, and no mental stimulation, they must just eat, eat, eat all day. Breeding sows may be caged on their sides to allow their piglets to feed; this is necessary when the sow attempts to kill the piglets but may be done even when she has shown no signs of aggression. Newborn piglets may have their tails docked, be castrated, and have their teeth clipped off without anaesthetic.
- ETHICAL ALTERNATIVE: Free-range piggeries. Free-range pork production allows pigs to show natural behavior (like mud bathing) and roam around in a considerable amount of space. This eliminates the need for practises like tooth clipping as aggression is only a problem in tiny spaces. Unfortunately, it has not taken off.
- Free cows graze in large herds and roam around fields freely.
- In a feedlot, cattle are placed in a tiny stall where they have barely enough room to turn around or lie down. They have nothing to do all day except eat, eat, eat. This is aimed both to fatten them up and to soften the muscles by preventing them from moving. They must often stand in pools of their own faeces. In addition to the mistreatment of cattle, feedlots are also an appalling waste of grain. Huge amounts of grain are fed to cattle every year while people starve to death for lack of food.
- ETHICAL ALTERNATIVE: Buy grass-fed beef. These cattle are basically free to be cows until the day they are taken for slaugher.
One company, Monsanto, is also planning to make its own seeds specific to its own pesticides. That means that plants produced from seeds sold by Monsanto will not be killed by its own herbicides. This forces farmers to buy both their plants and their chemicals from Monsanto.
Poor choices of varietyIncreased economic pressure on farmers has led to the selection of plant and animal strains for highest yield, not best quality. The nutritional quality of our food is declining all the time, as 'heirloom varieties' - those bred over centuries to be flavoursome and nutritious - are lost by the hundred. Diseases also place this pressure on farmers as they are forced to choose any strain that is resistant to a disease, ie wheat rust, rather than choosing the strains that produce the best wheat. Use of questionable chemicalsSome chemicals are still used on farms that have not been confirmed safe. Some of them are or may be toxic to humans, and others are or may be carcinogenic (cause cancer) or teratogenic (cause birth defects). This is largely due to insufficient scientific research into the safety of these chemicals, and the lack of viable alternatives. Not the farmer's faultModern farming is a race against time - to produce enough food for six billion people. The world's population is a ticking clock; the day is approaching when we will no longer be able to support this many people. In a world increasingly dominated by large companies, individual farmers can do little to break free from the cycle of ethically questionable farming practises. Individual farmers are not to blame for the unethical production of some of our food.Supermarkets underpay farmers in order to force prices artificially low for the consumer, and farming corporations employ cutthroat tactics to make money.What does environmental ethics mean?
Environmental ethics is the evaluation of nature and the way it impacts society and culture and the rules and regulations governing these decisions.Doing what is ethically and morally right concerning other things that are not human.
What are three of the core values in NAEYCs Code of Ethics?
The three of the core values in NAEYCs Code of Ethics include; 1. Appreciate childhood as a unique and valuable stage of the human life cycle 2. Base our work on knowledge of how children develop and learn 3. Appreciate and support the bond between the child and family
How is class portrayed by the institution of the media?
The institution of the media often portrays class confrontationally. Some news outlets demonize the working class while defending the interests of the upper class.
Answer
Moral, an adjective word, which deals with the principles of right and wrong of human character. Its a code of behavior, considered right or good or acceptable.
What are generally considered unethical is most business situations?
Criticizing the performance of a colleague
No, because blonde hair or any color hair isn't a race; it's a trait in which many people of different colors can naturally have. While people can be discriminatory towards those with blonde hair, just like someone can do the same with someone who's overweight, it doesn't make it racist. However, that doesn't mean they are any less ignorant since it's still grouping people based on a common factor, and usually grouping them all to being dumb.
Why do you think that many firms establish ethics policies but do not enforce them?
For greed of money, more profitabilty or quick money returns
There are 11 different types of discriminations;they are age, disability, equal pay/ conpensation, genetic information, national orgin, prenancy, race/ color, religion, retaliation, sex, and harrsment.
Ageiscrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) less favorably because of his age.The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) only forbids age discrimination against people who are age 40 or older. It does not protect workers under the age of 40, although some states do have laws that protect younger workers from age discrimination.
Disability discrimination occurs when an employer or other entity covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act, as amended, or the Rehabilitation Act, as amended, treats a qualified individual with a disability who is an employee or applicant unfavorably because she has a disability.
The Equal Pay Act requires that men and women in the same workplace be given equal pay for equal work. The jobs need not be identical, but they must be substantially equal. Job content (not job titles) determines whether jobs are substantially equal. All forms of pay are covered by this law, including salary, overtime pay, bonuses, stock options, profit sharing and bonus plans, life insurance, vacation and holiday pay, cleaning or gasoline allowances, hotel accommodations, reimbursement for travel expenses, and benefits. If there is an inequality in wages between men and women, employers may not reduce the wages of either sex to equalize their pay.
Under Title II of GINA, it is illegal to discriminate against employees or applicants because of genetic information. Title II of GINA prohibits the use of genetic information in making employment decisions, restricts employers and other entities covered by Title II (employment agencies, labor organizations and joint labor-management training and apprenticeship programs - referred to as "covered entities") from requesting, requiring or purchasing genetic information, and strictly limits the disclosure of genetic information
National origin discrimination involves treating people (applicants or employees) unfavorably because they are from a particular country or part of the world, because of ethnicity or accent, or because they appear to be of a certain ethnic background (even if they are not).National origin discrimination also can involve treating people unfavorably because they are married to (or associated with) a person of a certain national origin or because of their connection with an ethnic organization or group. dscrimination can occur when the victim and the person who inflicted the discrimination are the same national origin.
Pregnancy discrimination involves treating a woman (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of pregnancy, childbirth, or a medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth.The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, such as leave and health insurance, and any other term or condition of employment.
Race discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race (such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features). Color discrimination involves treating someone unfavorably because of skin color complexion.Race/color discrimination also can involve treating someone unfavorably because the person is married to (or associated with) a person of a certain race or color or because of a person's connection with a race-based organization or group, or an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain color.
Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of his or her religious beliefs. The law protects not only people who belong to traditional, organized religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism, but also others who have sincerely held religious, ethical or moral beliefs.Religious discrimination can also involve treating someone differently because that person is married to (or associated with) an individual of a particular religion or because of his or her connection with a religious organization or group.All of the laws we enforce make it illegal to fire, demote, harass, or otherwise "retaliate" against people (applicants or employees) because they filed a charge of discrimination, because they complained to their employer or other covered entity about discrimination on the job, or because they participated in an employment discrimination proceeding (such as an investigation or lawsuit).For example, it is illegal for an employer to refuse to promote an employee because she filed a charge of discrimination with the EEOC, even if EEOC later determined no discrimination occurred.
Sex discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because of that person's sex.Sex discrimination also can involve treating someone less favorably because ofhis or her connection with an organization or group that is generally associated with people of a certain sex.The law forbids discrimination when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits, and any other term or condition of employment.
It is unlawful to harass a person (an applicant or employee) because of that person's sex. Harassment can include "sexual harassment" or unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature.Harassment does not have to be of a sexual nature, however, and can include offensive remarks about a person's sex. For example, it is illegal to harass a woman by making offensive comments about women in general.Both victim and the harasser can be either a woman or a man, and the victim and harasser can be the same sex.Although the law doesn't prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents that are not very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim being fired or demoted).The harasser can be the victim's supervisor, a supervisor in another area, a co-worker, or someone who is not an employee of the employer, such as a client or customer.
What ethical issues are encountered by CORs during the performance of their duties?
Accepting gifts and gratuities
All of these answers are correct
Treating contractors fairly and impartially
Conflicts of interest
Why should you consider sustainablility as a guiding principle of your environmental philosophy?
Three reasons are because it uses the resources like food effectively and replaces what is used. It creates jobs that are also renewed. Replanting trees harvested for construction allows the forest to grow healthier and makes trees more resistant to pests and disease. As we sustain our use of resources, we lower our impact on the community and world and shrink our carbon footprint.
I like to grow a lot of my own food and it helps my budget and use of the land and resources. I choose locally grown produce as much as possible.
What is the difference between ethics and bias?
Ethics and morals are similar, and very, very simple. They all boil down to variations on "What is harmful to you, don't do to others."
All religions and non-religious philosophies agree on this.
Values (also known as mores) are societal. What is acceptable dress, consensual sexual behaviors, dietary modes, etc., these can be relative from culture to culture without a great deal of detriment to any given culture.
Biases and beliefs are things that get in the way of observing the objective truth of something. If you believe a) and b) contradicts that, you'll ignore b) even if it gives you a more accurate representation of reality. Cognitive biases are ways our brains fool us into thinking something is objective, when, in fact, it isn't.
On of the most common is negative sampling bias, where you let the exception form the rule rather than the other way around.
Say you have ten exchanges with cashiers during a given day. Nine are neutral or semi-pleasant. The tenth is a disasters with some emo teen giving you tons of attitude. A friend later says, what's up with cashiers? And you say, I know right? I had one today who...and the other nine go right out the window.
Selective perception is another common coginitive bias. You go car shopping. You look at a ford focus. Before now, you've not noticed them on the road. Suddenly, because you've selected for them by considering buying one, it seems like they're everywhere and everyone on the road is driving one.
There are many more cognitive biases which form pitfalls for our accurate perceptions, and the study of these is very, very helpful for critical thinking.
