Genetic Engineering

Color blindness happens only to the male gender.

it is the stem cell genetic by the cloning of DNA

No, DNA and RNA carry hereditary information.

Genetics is a unique set of chemical blueprints affecting how our body looks and functions. The blueprints are in DNA. DNA is made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phophate molecule, a sugar, and one of four bases. The sequence of the four bases determines each genetic code. Some examples of genetics are freckles, dimples, and a cleft chin.

Many scientists aren't concerned about the use of Bt toxins. Consumers, some scientists, some medical care professionals, and others are usually the ones who are concerned about Bt crops used to feed animals and humans. To understand why, you need to understand that Bt crops are genetically modified to produce the toxin that kills insects in every cell of the plant itself. Essentially, the plant itself becomes an insecticide. Though it is claimed that science shows those plants have no effect on animals or humans, many believe that real life anecdotal evidence shows eating Bt foods may have unintended harmful effects on the intestinal flora and digestive system. Those who believe that also believe that research needs to be conducted to find out if Bt is causing harm to health, and many try to avoid eating GMO foods.

Complementary base pairing occurs only between the probe and the target gene.

if cell is living then it might be because of its living cytoplasm

Cloning is a very complex question.

Even with the plant and animal kingdom, religion and ethics play a role.

"Clonal Crops" are very susceptible to disease. Yet, they probably aren't being made truly with cloning.

There would be a few places where cloning may be of interest.

#1 - Cloning can provide better "control groups" for experiments by giving very similar organisms for use in testing. This could give more accuracy in scientific studies as well as reduce the number of organisms that would need to be tested.

#2 - Cloning technology is intimately related to gene manipulation, and it is possible the two technologies could merge, especially with plants & microorganisms.

#3 - One might consider ex-vivo cloning of tissue and individual organs for transplantation. There would be huge benefits of clonal organs/tissue to medicine.

#4 - At some point we may choose cloning to restore threatened, or even extinct species, obviously bringing many issues with these choices.

#5 - The biggest fear that people have is that cloning will be used for HUMAN cloning. How vain would it be to create a "mini-me"? I have no doubt it will eventually happen somewhere. But, since it is all too easy for a man and woman to have a "shared" child, I doubt the practice would ever be widespread.

And, if one takes a biological approach to life, it really should not be an issue. Life becomes the new organism that develops in a woman's womb, then grows through experience throughout life.

Yes, there is the temptation to "tinker" a bit, and perhaps that should be a bigger concern than cloning.

Codons are three nucleotides in length. These nucleotides correspond with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

This would depend entirely on how the stem cells were harvested.

Buddhists generally operate under the precept that one should live without desire and that doing harm to another living thing was morally wrong, unless absolutely necessary (as in the case of self-defense).

So, if a fetus (as one example) were killed solely for the harvesting of stem cells, the buddhists (and most people) would naturally be against it. However, if the fetus died naturally, or from some other cause (say, elective abortion) and the body of the fetus were then harvested for stem cells, there would be no reason to object to stem cell research itself.

And since there are now at least half a dozen ways in which stem cells can be harvested from a variety of sources, all of which are non-destructive (including fat from liposuction) the objection to stem cell research at all.

the nucleus contains a cells genetic information

First, there is no such thing as a perfect personality. However, the easiest way to find out if someone has been seeing a psycologist or some other type of mental health professional is to wait for the appropriate time to ask that person something to the effect of "have you talked with a therapist about that?". Besides that, it takes a long time to get to know someone.

If a female frog has a genetic trait that prevents it from producing eggs the likelihood that it will spread through the frog population is impossible or very unlikely. The female frog cannot reproduce thus when she dies, so would the genetic trait.

The process of replacing a defective gene with a healthy gene is called gene therapy. Gene therapy is done by cutting genes from the DNA of healthy cells and inserting them into the DNA of defective cells and tissues.

Genetics is the study of heredity and the variation in organisms. When studying genetics, you learn about dominant and recessive traits along with much more.

Each of the two chromatids normally contains the same genetic information.

All events that result in changes in allele frequencies in populations contribute to evolution. Genetic drift likewise. Genetic drift is no different from all other reproductive variation, save that the term refers to changes that are more or less neutral.

The genetics in the cell and chemicals released by certain cells as the embryo grows.

Gene Therapy

Look at the phenotypes given in the pedigree to work forwards and backwards and figure out the genotypes to the best of your abilities (they can't always be figured out, but they can usually be narrowed down). Common genetic disorders have several patterns of inheritance. They can be dominant/recessive and then X-linked or Y-linked or autosomal. If they are codominant then it will be very obvious as there will be three possible conditions: normal, diseased, and half-diseased half-normal. Let D=disease, N=no disease, and O=no allele on the chromosome at all.

Autosomal is easier to identify.

If D is recessive, the following rules can help identify the genotypes. If D is dominant, the above rules can be modified to apply again. Just think of N as the disease and D as the normal condition.

DxN=half D, half N-->DDxND

DxN=all N-->DDxNN

NxN=quarter D, others N-->NDxND

NxN=all N-->NNxNN or NNxND

(Obviously) DxD-->all D-->DDxDD

Sex-linked is more difficult. Know that if a male expresses something, no matter whether it is dominant or recessive, that is his genotype (N or D). Females are still double-letter (NN, ND, DD). Write down the possible phenotypes of the parents and offspring. Then figure out which genotypes work, and then you can determine if D or N is recessive/dominant.

cloning is very expensive very hello

Scientists use a nucleic acid probe where scientists treat the DNA being searched with chemicals or heat to seperate the two DNA strands, then the nucleic acid probe is mixed with the single strands and the probe tags the direct DNA portion.

A sex linked trait can only be found on the x chromosome such as hemophilia, color blindness, and muscular dystrophy. These are traits that can only be inherited through chromosomes instead of regular traits coming through genes.

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