Genetic Engineering

Genetic testing and genetic engineering are not related. Genetic testing is looking at the chromosomal constitution of an individual and determining if they have a genetic disorder. Genetic engineering on the other hand, is a much larger avenue and is almost a science in itself. This area of molecular biology deals with inserting foreign genes into organisms in order to increase yield or produce novel products. Genetic testing is useful to test if an unborn fetus has any genetic diseases. It is more of a diagnosis-based field. It can also be used to look at the chromosomes of an affected individual and their relatives to determine the cause and nature of a genetic disorder. Genetic engineering however, has applications like genetically modified foods, recombinant proteins and studying gene expression in a variety of different species.

the chromosomes

a lot a lot a lot answered by kayly jameson ♥♥♥ Some examples of types of geneticist and their average salaries: * Statistical Genetics Analyst - $85,000 * Senior Scientist - $95,000 * Cytogenetic Technologist - $50,320 * Molecular Genetics clinical Lab Scientist - $59,987 * Genetics Counselor - $53,000 * Research Geneticist - $86,000 * Molecular Biology Research Associate - $45,000 * Biotech Technical Writer - $75,000 * Assistant Professor - $54,036 * Associate Professor - $64,074 * Bioinformatics Scientist - $15,000 * Bioinformatics Research Officer - $8,000 * Bioinformatics Software Developer - $9,000

Plant hybridization is the process of creating plant hybrids, often as new species of plants. This is done by crossing genetics from two different types or species of plants and joining them to make a new plant.

A variation of a gene is called and allele.

Different alleles are caused by mutations.

Mutations involve changes in the DNA code.

production of human insulin through genetic modification of bacterial genes

Well, a lot of it is in speculation right now, but one disadvantage has to do with telomeres.

At the ends of each of your chromosomes there are long 'buffer zones' where there are a lot of nucleotides, but no actual genes. These are called telomeres Everytime your DNA replicates during cell divison, bits of these buffer zones break off. This is okay, because again, it these 'buffers' don't carry any information. The problem is, eventually you DO start loosing information because the telomeres run out. This is linked to aging.

Dolly the sheep, for example, died at only age 6 (most sheep live to be about 2) and one of the things that they noticed was that she had shortened telomeres, because her chromosomes originally started from an adult sheep; they hadn't been brand new at her conception.

As it turned out, she had problems like arthritis and such that you would expect from a much older animal

True in the 'manufacture' of Human Insulin - 'Humulin" genetically engineered bacteria are used to produce drugs and other chemicals that benefit humans.

yes, for the most part. The DNA in your genes code for the size, shape and structure of all your physical features- but environmental factors, such as the positioning inside the uterus, can slightly alter the outcome. this is why identical Twins, who have the exact same DNA, end up with different fingerprints

yup.. maths is necessary ... bt only basics ..

The persistence of the genetic mutation in the cactus plant population will depend on factors such as the fitness advantage it provides, the rate of genetic drift, and the extent of gene flow within the population. If the mutation confers a selective advantage (e.g., improved drought resistance) and is not lost due to random chance or interbreeding with non-mutated individuals, it is more likely to persist across generations.

Well, my biology class was just learning about this. Transgenic organisms are bacteria, plants, or animals that are genetically modified to produce a desired product. Bacteria can be modified from frost plus to frost free, so that when they live on and near crops, making them frost free, which lengthens growing season. Some can be modified with insect toxins and live in and on roots which protects the plants from insects eating them. Scientists have also enhanced their ability to break down oil to help with oil spills. Another is to "clean" toxins in toxic waste dumps. These are just the examples that our teacher gave us. There are many more ways bacteria can be modified.

Most mutations that occur have a neutral effect, or none at all, so they would not affect evolution. Organisms with mutations that cause detrimental impact typically will not survive; therefore, they will not reproduce, and the mutation will not be passed on, so the species will not be affected overall. Beneficial mutations are typically the only mutations that will affect an organism's posterity and the evolution of its species, but good mutations are very rare. This is why most mutations have little effect on the evolution of a species.

Color blindness happens only to the male gender.

it is the stem cell genetic by the cloning of DNA

No, DNA and RNA carry hereditary information.

Genetics is a unique set of chemical blueprints affecting how our body looks and functions. The blueprints are in DNA. DNA is made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phophate molecule, a sugar, and one of four bases. The sequence of the four bases determines each genetic code. Some examples of genetics are freckles, dimples, and a cleft chin.

Many scientists aren't concerned about the use of Bt toxins. Consumers, some scientists, some medical care professionals, and others are usually the ones who are concerned about Bt crops used to feed animals and humans. To understand why, you need to understand that Bt crops are genetically modified to produce the toxin that kills insects in every cell of the plant itself. Essentially, the plant itself becomes an insecticide. Though it is claimed that science shows those plants have no effect on animals or humans, many believe that real life anecdotal evidence shows eating Bt foods may have unintended harmful effects on the intestinal flora and digestive system. Those who believe that also believe that research needs to be conducted to find out if Bt is causing harm to health, and many try to avoid eating GMO foods.

Complementary base pairing occurs only between the probe and the target gene.

if cell is living then it might be because of its living cytoplasm

Cloning is a very complex question.

Even with the plant and animal kingdom, religion and ethics play a role.

"Clonal Crops" are very susceptible to disease. Yet, they probably aren't being made truly with cloning.

There would be a few places where cloning may be of interest.

#1 - Cloning can provide better "control groups" for experiments by giving very similar organisms for use in testing. This could give more accuracy in scientific studies as well as reduce the number of organisms that would need to be tested.

#2 - Cloning technology is intimately related to gene manipulation, and it is possible the two technologies could merge, especially with plants & microorganisms.

#3 - One might consider ex-vivo cloning of tissue and individual organs for transplantation. There would be huge benefits of clonal organs/tissue to medicine.

#4 - At some point we may choose cloning to restore threatened, or even extinct species, obviously bringing many issues with these choices.

#5 - The biggest fear that people have is that cloning will be used for HUMAN cloning. How vain would it be to create a "mini-me"? I have no doubt it will eventually happen somewhere. But, since it is all too easy for a man and woman to have a "shared" child, I doubt the practice would ever be widespread.

And, if one takes a biological approach to life, it really should not be an issue. Life becomes the new organism that develops in a woman's womb, then grows through experience throughout life.

Yes, there is the temptation to "tinker" a bit, and perhaps that should be a bigger concern than cloning.

Codons are three nucleotides in length. These nucleotides correspond with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis.

This would depend entirely on how the stem cells were harvested.

Buddhists generally operate under the precept that one should live without desire and that doing harm to another living thing was morally wrong, unless absolutely necessary (as in the case of self-defense).

So, if a fetus (as one example) were killed solely for the harvesting of stem cells, the buddhists (and most people) would naturally be against it. However, if the fetus died naturally, or from some other cause (say, elective abortion) and the body of the fetus were then harvested for stem cells, there would be no reason to object to stem cell research itself.

And since there are now at least half a dozen ways in which stem cells can be harvested from a variety of sources, all of which are non-destructive (including fat from liposuction) the objection to stem cell research at all.