Geophysics

Mesas are formed through a combination of geological processes such as erosion, sedimentation, and uplift. The flat top of a mesa is the result of horizontal layers of sedimentary rock that have been uplifted, while the steep sides are shaped by erosion from water and wind. Over time, differential erosion wears away the softer rock layers, leaving behind the characteristic flat-topped plateau.

They have found the fossil Glossopteris in Africa, Australia, India, South America, and Antartica. Also warm-weather plant fossils were once found on a island in the Artic Ocean.

Mount Pinatubo is considered a danger zone because it is an active volcano that has the potential to erupt explosively, causing widespread destruction in the surrounding areas. It has a history of violent eruptions, such as the 1991 eruption, which was one of the largest in the 20th century. The area around the volcano is densely populated, making it imperative to monitor any volcanic activity closely to ensure the safety of nearby communities.

The submersible that descended to the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the deepest spot on Earth, is called the Deepsea Challenger. It completed the historic dive in 2012 with filmmaker James Cameron aboard, reaching a depth of about 10,908 meters (35,787 feet).

The inner core of the Earth consist mainly of the metals iron and nickel.

Radiate heat is ENERGY TRANSFER at a distance FROM ONE OBJECT

to ANOTHER OBJECT through a form of

1. heat conduction through a medium.

2. heat waves (a variety of light waves) in the Infrared region of light

3. Energy transfer with a transfer agent.

The object that heat is being radiated TO (the target),

then rises in temperature, due to the transfer of energy.

Shale is generally more resistant to erosion compared to other rock types like sandstone due to its fine-grained nature and ability to compact tightly. However, shale can still erode over time through processes such as weathering, rainfall, and freeze-thaw cycles.

Metamorphic rock forms when existing rock is subjected to high temperatures and pressures below the Earth's surface. This causes the mineral composition and texture of the rock to change, resulting in the formation of new types of rock such as marble, schist, or gneiss.

Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift was not initially accepted because he lacked a mechanism to explain how continents could move. Additionally, his evidence was considered insufficient and geologists at that time did not believe that continents could drift over time. It was not until the theory of plate tectonics was developed in the 1960s that Wegener's ideas gained widespread acceptance.

The Earth's crust consists of the following elements and percentages: # Oxygen--47% # Silicon--28% # Aluminum--8% # Iron--5% # Calcium--4% # Sodium--3% # Potassium--3% # Magnesium--2% # Titanium--0.5% # All others--<1%

The 5 spheres on the Earth are;

1. Biosphere.

2. Atmosphere.

3. Lithosphere.

4. Hydrosphere.

5. Cryosphere.

A geyser is a natural phenomenon that features a gushing fountain of water and/or steam being emitted from a hole in the ground. Such eruptions often occur on a periodic basis. "Old Faithful," located in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, USA, is probably the most famous geyser on earth, but it is only one of over 500 active geysers in that park. Yellowstone holds roughly half of the active geysers known in the world.

Essentially, a geyser is formed when three ingredients come together in one place -- subterranean water, usually under pressure, magma, subterranean but close to the surface, and a "plumbing" structure to convey the steam and hot water to the surface. The water hits the magma, steam-driven pressure is formed, and the "plumbing" system carries the blast to the surface.

The fault type is a normal fault, called the Spirit Lake Fault, and it runs approximately 9 miles to the north of Mount St. Helens.

Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912. He collected evidence from various fields, such as the fit of continental coastlines, matching rock types and structures across continents, and similar fossil distributions. However, his theory was not widely accepted until decades later when the concept of plate tectonics provided a mechanism for how continents could move.

Evidence for continental drift includes matching geological formations on different continents, such as mountain ranges and sedimentary layers. Additionally, the fit of the continents like puzzle pieces, similarities in fossil records on separate continents, and matching glacial evidence provide support for the theory. Paleoclimatic evidence, such as the distribution of ancient flora and fauna, also contributes to the case for continental drift.

silicon

silicon's atomic mass is 28.06 and it has 14 protons so it would have 14.06 neutrons on average

Archie Carr's proposing theory that as Brazil spread away from the Mid-Atlantic ridge and Ascension Island, the green turtle returned to the island year after year to lay eggs. The hatchlings would have to swim back further each time 2cm/yr until today when they swim back 1200 miles. I believe this to support Wegener's theory.

It depends, of course, in where you dig. You are probably going to hit both, but in what order and at what depth is dependent on the location. Hot rocks and water can both be found on the surface.

Sedimentary rocks are formed through the accumulation and compression of sediments, such as sand, silt, and mud, over long periods of time. These sediments are deposited in layers and become compacted and cemented together, creating sedimentary rocks. The process typically involves pressure, temperature, and the presence of water to facilitate the transformation of loose sediments into solid rock.

what tools arte generally used for rocket science

The man who pioneered the continental drift hypothesis was Alfred Wegener. He proposed the theory in 1912, suggesting that Earth's continents were once joined together in a single landmass called Pangea and have since drifted apart.

Some examples of plasma include lightning, neon signs, plasma TVs, and the sun. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gases with charged particles. It is often found in high-energy environments.

In geophysical exploration, an "anomaly" is simply a deviation from an expected geophysical background measurement. "Anomalies" can result either from a real, physical change in the subsurface, or can be the meaningless result from various kinds of "noise" internal to the geophysical equipment, or noise from external sources. When you're fortunate, an "anomaly" indicates the existence of, and some physical characteristics of, the thing or feature that you are actually attempting to detect.

Tectonic plates are segments of the Earth's lithosphere, the hard rocky outer shell composed of the crust and the uppermost mantle. This shell is divided by lines of faults, ridges of plate creation, and zones of plate destruction. All in all, there are roughly 30 tectonic plates which cover the entire surface of the planet. Plates can be composed of oceanic crust, continental crust, or a combination of both.

Plate movements occur because the layer of Earth directly below the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, is hot enough, and under enough lithostatic pressure to prevent its melting, that it can deform without fracture. And although convection of heat does play a role in the movement of lithospheric plates, the convection currents themselves may be caused by gravity, which induces the sinking of older dense slabs of oceanic crust at subduction zones (a process known as 'slab pull').

The energy driving all of these processes is heat from the interior of the Earth derived from radioactive decay and residual heat from Earth's formation, and gravity which results in slab pull and push.