Geophysics

They Use a Ritcher Scale.

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Granitic rocks are intrusive, which means they crystallized underground. Basaltic rocks are extrusive, meaning they crystallized above ground. Also, basaltic rocks are more mafic, and granitic rocks are more felsic.

There are many Taiwan Earthquakes, but i believe i know which one you are talking about... the earthquake that occurred on September 21, 1999. If this is the one, then the plates would be the Eurasian and Philippine plates. What happened is that the Philippine Plate pushed against the Eurasian plate without any movement for a long period of time. This is commonly known as a seismic gap. Finally, the pressure built so high, that it slipped resulting in an earthquake.

It is a scientific theory under investigation (experiments, statistical analysis) this moment which is based on the thought that earthquake in a region is a time repeated phenomenon. Therefore, by drawing maps including many neighboring seismic regions with the date that an earthquake hit each one of them, one could create the sequence of these events. Finally, by following that sequence in a long term basis, one would realise that there will be regions in the map which await an earthquake as they compose part of the mentioned sequence.

In simple words, it is like you want to build a 500 pieces puzzle, only now someone else is telling you where to put each piece (the earthquake). The puzzle is the map thus the more pieces you put, the more you can see on your puzzle (map) what is missing. Therefore the more accurate you become to your prediction of the location of the next piece (earthquake).

By measuring the difference in arrival times at a seismometer station they can be used to determine the distance to the epicentre of an earthquake.

They may also be used to estimate the properties of the subsurface and it's structure (refraction and reflection seismology).

Please see the related questions for further information.

continental drift can change there earth in many different ways like land forms and climates for example the Hawaiian islands were originally and under water volcano but over the years it has traveled under the crust making new land.

Continental drift is a concept relating to the movement of the Earth's continents. The proving of the continental drift theory came from evidence found around the world.

Foremost, scientists had discovered that similar plants and animal fossils were found in or around different continents, suggesting that they were once joined.

The theory of plate tectonics also supported continental drift. If one were to look at a global map, the complementary arrangements between South America and Africa can be easily seen.

the core shakes causing the plates to move forming volcanoes ect..(that is why volcanoes spit out lava because it comes from the core.)

The P Waves. Then the S Waves.

Francis Bacon noticed in 1620 that the outlines of the continents fit together like a jigsaw puzzle, but did not suggest a theory of why.

Benjamin Franklin wrote in 1780 that the crust of the Earth must be a shell that can break and shift by movements of a fluid below

The proper theory of continental drift was suggested by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. He published a book "The origin of the continents and oceans" proposing the existence of a supercontinent he called Pangaea about 250 million years ago.

He was unable to explain a driving mechanism, which is one of the reasons why his theory was at first rejected by the scientific community.

Pompeii was an ancient Roman city. It was completely destroyed by a volcanic eruption and ceased to exist afterwards. However, it was preserved by the volcanic chemicals, so it still exists as a monument sort. Point being, Pompeii was a city located near a volcano, or a dangerous geographic area.

San Francisco is a major city in the US, located in California. In 1906, it experienced a devastating earthquake that destroyed a large portion of the city (and bay area). A similar earthquake was experienced in 1989. San Francisco is expected to have another large earthquake in the next few years. San Francisco is located near the San Andreas Fault as well as the Hayward Fault, or, too, a dangerous geographic area.

Alfred Wegener proposed it. He noticed similarities in fossils in places like Western Africa and Eastern South America. Then, he noted that those two continents could fit together, like puzzle pieces. He proposed that they used to be joined, and although his theory was not taken seriously at first, we now know he was correct.

They occur because of nature. Volcanic eruptions signal off an earthquake because normally a volcanic eruption and an earthquake are on a fault line/edge of a tectonic plate.

continents move about as plates of crust and upper mantle, on more mobile layer of asthenophere in the mantle. Movement driven by mantle convection and isostasy.

Bumps between continents = mountain chains

bump continental with oceanic = island arc vocanoes and subduction of oceanic plate

Sea-floor spreading is what happens when the plates in the earth's crust move apart. During this movement of the plates, magma wells up from deep within the earth and fills in the cracks, forming a new oceanic crust, or sea-floor.

Soil is a complex material that evolves over time. An average soil is said to consist of 45% mineral matter, 25% water, 25% air, and 5% organic matter.

The formation of soil starts with the parent material, the source of which could be from windblown or water transported sediments and organic matter. Over time, chemical and mechanical weathering processes break down this material into finer and finer particles. The rate of weathering is greatly affected by the climate.

As plants and animals live and die, they add organic waste to the content of the parent material, and also aerate the material by digging and burrowing. Eventually a topsoil and subsoil will form from these processes, which can take hundred or thousands of years to produce even a meager thickness of productive soil.

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This is known as seismology which is a sub branch of geophysics.

Earthquakes in the middle of tectonic plates, known as intraplate earthquakes, can occur due to stress caused by tectonic forces that are transmitted through the crust. These stresses may result from the movement of adjacent plates, volcanic activity, or reactivation of ancient faults. Additionally, changes in the Earth's crust, such as sediment loading or erosion, can also induce seismic activity away from plate boundaries. While less common than plate boundary earthquakes, intraplate quakes can still be significant and damaging.

I believe It changes the affect on the earth's surface, for an example:

Dry sand grains are bound mainly by friction with one another.

Small amounts of water increase the cohesion among sand grains.

Saturation reduces friction and causes the sand to flow.

The chemical composition of Feldspars are KAlSi3O8 â?? NaAlSi3O8 â?? CaAl2Si2O8. They are rock forming minerals that make up %60 of the Earth's crust.

3.5 minutes after the earthquake.

Tectonic plates rubbing against each other.