Hormones

Somatostatin is not produced by the acini of the pancreas. It is primarily produced by delta cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) and acts as an inhibitor of many gastrointestinal functions, including the secretion of insulin and glucagon.

Prolactin has important cell cycle related functions as a growth-, differentiating- and anti-apoptotic factor. As a growth factor binding to cytokine like receptors it has also profound influence on hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and is involved in the regulation of blood clotting through several pathways. In summary, "more than 300 separate actions of PRL have been reported in various vertebrates, including effects on water and salt balance, growth and development, endocrinology and metabolism, brain and behavior, reproduction, and immune regulation and protection". Prolactin acts in endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine manner through the prolactin receptor and a large number of cytokine receptors.

Yes, that's correct. Aldosterone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium ions and water back into the bloodstream. This process helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume.

Leptin is a hormone that plays a role in regulating hunger and energy balance by signaling to the brain about the body's fat stores. It helps control appetite and metabolism to maintain body weight within a certain range. Low leptin levels can contribute to increased appetite and weight gain.

leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by signaling the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure.

The chemical name for adrenaline is "epinephrine." It is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, helping to increase heart rate, dilate airways, and mobilize energy.

Adrenaline and norepinephrine are produced in the adrenal medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys. These hormones are released in response to stress or danger, and they help the body respond to emergencies by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and boosting energy levels.

Adrendaline helps an animal respond to danger because once the animal sees the "danger" or predator, the animal will tell the brain to move its legs quickly. Then, once the message is sent to the brain, the adrenaline goes up and the animal's heart is racing. This is how adrenaline helps an animal respond to danger.

No, gastrin is a hormone produced by the stomach and pancreas that functions to stimulate the secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. It is not an enzyme but rather acts as a signaling molecule in the digestive system.

Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors, which are located in the cytoplasm of target cells. Upon binding, the aldosterone-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus where it acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of specific genes involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.

No. Progesterone is a steroid hormone, and is classified as a lipid.

insulin. Glucagon acts in opposition to insulin by promoting the release of stored glucose from the liver into the bloodstream, leading to increased blood sugar levels. This helps balance blood sugar levels during fasting or times of energy need.

Yes it does. It also commonly contains quaternary structure.

Secondary structure refers to folding and bonding interactions between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, either forming alpha-helices or Beta-sheets. Oxytocin contains both of these secondary structures as well as Beta-turns. Beta-sheets come in anti-parallel and parallel versions. Parallel means that the direction of the associated chains run in the same direction; N-terminus to C-terminus. Anti-parallel means that one or more of the associated chains run in an opposite direction to the others.


Tertiary structure refers to interactions between side chains of the polypeptide residues. a good example of this is the disulfide bonds liking two cysteine residues which does occur in Oxytocin.


Quaternary structure refers to association of separate polypeptide chains. Oxytocin can be found as a single chain in which case there is no quaternary structure. It is not uncommon however to find it as a pentamer, tetramer, or dimer. Conditions play a major factor in effecting its quaternary structure. whether it is in aqueous solution, biological conditions (cells), or crystallized. Another good example of quaternary structure is Hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a dimer of dimers. 2 alpha-globin chains and 2 beta-globin chains.

Adrenaline is produced by the adrenal gland, it is produced to make the body work faster in times of stress, it triggers the "fight or flight" response. All of your sensory organs(ears, eyes, skin, taste, and smell) work in unison to detect the adrenaline being produced in the body.

The plant grows very quickly. Cultivation is by stem cutting. It grows in slightly shady areas.

The precursor protein contains both oxytocin and neurophysin 1 -

MAGPSLACCL LGLLALTSAC YIQNCPLGGK RAAPDLDVRK CLPCGPGGKG RCFGPNICCA

EELGCFVGTA EALRCQEENY LPSPCQSGQK ACGSGGRCAV LGLCCSPDGC HADPACDAEA

This protein is cleaved to yield neurophysin-1 precursor and the protein oxytocin which is-

CYIQNCPLG (highlighted in the above)

All sequences from human source.

Growth hormone promotes growth by stimulating cell growth and division, while growth hormone releasing hormone triggers the release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland. By using both hormones together, a synergistic effect can be achieved to maximize growth-promoting benefits in children with short statures.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as vasopressin, argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a neurohypophysial hormone found in most mammals. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and to constrict blood vessels. Vasopressin regulates the body's retention of water by acting to increase water absorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane. Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that controls the reabsorption of molecules in the tubules of the kidneys by affecting the tissue's permeability. It also increases peripheral vascular resistance, which in turn increases arterial blood pressure. It plays a key role in homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. It is derived from a preprohormone precursor that is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in vesicles at the posterior pituitary. Most of it is stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the bloodstream. However, some AVP may also be released directly into the brain, and accumulating evidence suggests it plays an important role in social behavior, bonding, and maternal responses to stress.

yes it is soluble in oils but at high temp, once temperature decreases recrystallisation occurs

thanks

raju b gawade

formulation development

Corticotropin-releasing hormone targets the pituitary gland, specifically the anterior pituitary, to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which then signals the adrenal glands to produce cortisol in times of stress.

the calcium levels in the blood decrease. This prompts the parathyroid glands to release more parathyroid hormone to prevent hypocalcemia by stimulating the release of calcium from bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys.

Synthetic estrogen and progesterone in birth control pills work by inhibiting ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, and thinning the uterine lining to make it difficult for a fertilized egg to implant. These actions collectively help prevent pregnancy by disrupting the normal reproductive process.

Glucagon is released when blood sugar levels drop too low. It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, therefore increasing blood sugar levels. It is a hormone agonist (i.e. binds to a receptor in a cell and triggers a response).

Its opposing hormone is insulin, an antagonist which is release when blood sugar levels climb too high.

Pig insulin is used as a substitute for human insulin in some cases because it is similar in structure and function to human insulin, making it effective in managing diabetes. Additionally, using pig insulin can be more cost-effective and readily available for some patients compared to human insulin.

This mechanism illustrates a negative feedback loop. When the blood levels of thyroid gland hormone increase, it signals to reduce the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone, which in turn limits the production of more thyroid hormone, helping maintain balance in the body.