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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
How can you make Coomb's control cells in indirect anti-globulin test?
Preparing Coombs control cells is very easy. To about 10 drops of washed O Positive red cells add 5-6 drops of anti-D antisera. Incubate at 37C for 15 minutes. Wash 4 times then prepare a 3 to 5% cell suspension. To verify reaction, add two drops of AHG into test tube and one drop of newly prepared Coombs cells. Centrifuge on High for 15 seconds,,,should get 1 -2 + reaction.
A person who studies immunology is called an immunologist. Some specific doctors involved with immunology are also called allergists. Immunologists study the immune system.
Why are antibodies specific for certain antigens?
Antibodies binds to specific region in an antigen. Antibodies recognizes the part of an antigen and binds to specific region. Part of an antigen recognised by the antibody and binds is know as Antigenic Determinant or Epitope.
Antibodies are generated by a sub set of immune cells called B cells. The main receptor for these cells are antibodies, although while they're bound to the surface of the B cell they are called B Cell Receptors (BCRs). While these cells are developing the BCR genes undergo a number of mutations, these mutations define the antigen binding region, which as described above, binds to the antigen. In fact there are so many possible ways the BCR genes can mutate that we can recognize a nearly infinite number of antigens.
Then once your body has encountered an antigen the B cells that have BCRs that can react with the antigen begin to proliferate, and then they start excreting antibodies. After the infection is over, B cells will continue to refine they antigen specificity, that way when they encounter the infection again they can respond with much more specific antibodies and more quickly, this process is called affinity maturation.
What is the prognosis for recovery from human monocytic ehrlichiosis?
Prognosis for recovery from HME and HGE will vary from individuals. Depending on the severity of the case and your overall general health will determine your recovery time. If diagnosed early enough at the onset of the illness, patients receiving Doxycycline (100 mg every 12 hours for minimum of 7 to 10 days) will tend to recover within several days. If the severity of the symptom, diagnosis and treatment is prolonged, the recovery time after receiving antibiotics will take longer. It is normal for individuals to feel better about 3 weeks after getting the antibiotic treatments but some individuals may take longer. Some individuals will take several weeks, months or even up to 2 years to bounce back to normal. This is a serious illness that has only been documented since 1986 and majority of the adults rarely develop a rash or recall a tick bite and the flu like symptoms becomes dangerous because most people do not go to the doctors early enough. Thankfully, this illness does not appear to be permanent so take my advice and listen to your body (go to the doctors and ask them to run blood tests, check for tick borne diseases when they are conducting the CBC, it's better to be safe than sorry as this illness can be more fatal than the Lyme Disease).
How does the immune system respond to the pathogen?
A pathogen is a microscopic organism that causes sickness. Hostile bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens. How does the immune system work to repel foreign invaders? We are surrounded by billions of bacteria and viruses but getting into the human body is not an easy task!
The skin is thick and very hard to penetrate. In addition, the skin also produces a variety of substances that are harmful to invaders. Openings such as the eyes, nose, and mouth are protected by fluids or sticky mucus that capture harmful attackers. The respiratory tract also has mechanical defenses in the form of cilia, tiny hairs that remove particles. Intruders that get as far as the stomach are up against a sea of stomach acid that kills most of them. But in spite of our fantastic defenses, hostile invaders still manage to get through. Some enter along with our food, while others may sneak in via the nose. And, as we all know, many things can break through our skin. In everyday life we often receive cuts or scrapes, and every time this happens we face the risk of a full-scale invasion from bacteria or viruses. How does the immune system work when we get infected? When we receive a cut, and when invaders enter the body, cells are destroyed. The dying cells trigger an automatic response called inflammation, which includes dilated blood vessels and increased blood flow. An inflammation is the body's equivalent to a burglar alarm. Once it goes off, it draws defensive cells to the damaged area in great numbers. Increased blood flow helps defensive cells reach the place where they're needed. It also accounts for the redness and swelling that occur. The defensive cells are more commonly known as immune cells. They are part of a highly effective defense force called the immune system. The cells of the immune system work together with different proteins to seek out and destroy anything foreign or dangerous that enters our body. It takes some time for the immune cells to be activated - but once they're operating at full strength, there are very few hostile organisms that stand a chance. Immune cells are white blood cells produced in huge quantities in the bone marrow. There are a wide variety of immune cells, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some seek out and devour invading organisms, while others destroy infected or mutated body cells. Yet another type has the ability to release special proteins called antibodies that mark intruders for destruction by other cells. How does the immune system work to build immunity to a virus? But the really cool thing about the immune system is that it has the ability to "remember" enemies that it has fought in the past. If the immune system detects a "registered" invader, it will strike much more quickly and more fiercely against it. As a result, an invader that tries to attack the body a second time will most likely be wiped out before there are any symptoms of disease. When this happens, we say that the body has become immune. How does the immune system work when dealing with bacteria and viruses?
Bacteria and viruses (our primary enemies) are the organisms most often responsible for attacking our bodies. Most bacteria are free living, while others live in or on other organisms, including humans. Unfortunately, many bacteria that have human hosts produce toxins (poisons) that damage the body. Not all bacteria are harmful, though. Some are neutral and many are even desirable as they fulfill important functions in the body. Bacteria are complete organisms that reproduce by cell division. Viruses, on the other hand, cannot reproduce on their own. They need a host cell. They hijack body cells of humans or other species, and trick them into producing new viruses that can then invade other cells. Frequently, the host cell is destroyed during the process. In daily life we might speak of viruses, bacteria, and toxins. However, when reading about the immune system you'll often come across the words antigen and pathogen. An antigen is a foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system. Antigens are often found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses.
Complement system The first part of the immune system that meets invaders such as bacteria is a group of proteins called the complement system. There are millions of different antibodies in your blood stream, each sensitive to a specific antigen. The complement proteins are activated by and work with (complement) the antibodies, hence the name. These proteins flow freely in the blood and can quickly reach the site of an invasion where they can react directly with antigens - molecules that the body recognizes as foreign substances. When activated, the complement proteins can
- trigger inflammation
- attract eater cells such as macrophages to the area
- coat intruders so that eater cells are more likely to devour them
- kill intruders Phagocytes Phagocytes is a group of immune cells specialized in finding and "devouring" bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells. There are three main types, the granulocyte, the macrophage, and the dendritic cell. The granulocytes often take the first stand during an infection. They attack any invaders in large numbers, and "eat" until they die. The pus in an infected wound consists chiefly of dead granulocytes. The macrophages ("big eaters") are slower to respond to invaders than the granulocytes, but they are larger, live longer, and have far greater capacities. Macrophages also play a key part in alerting the rest of the immune system of invaders. The dendritic cells are "eater" cells and devour intruders, like the granulocytes and the macrophages. They are also capable of filtering body fluids to clear them of foreign organisms and particles. How does the immune system work in the lymphatic system? The organs involved with the immune system are called the lymphoid organs. Lymphoid organs affect growth, development, and the release of lymphocytes. Lymphocytes is a type of infection fighting white blood cell which "patrol" the body for infectious microorganisms. Each lymphoid organ plays a role in the production and activation of lymphocytes. White blood cells called lymphocytes, originate in the bone marrow but migrate to parts of the lymphatic system such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. There are two main types of lymphatic cells, T cells and B cells . The lymphatic system also involves a transportation system - lymph vessels - for transportation and storage of lymphocyte cells within the body. The lymphatic system feeds cells into the body and filters out dead cells and invading organisms such as bacteria. On the surface of each lymphatic cell are receptors that enable them to recognize foreign substances. These receptors are very specialized - each can match only one specific antigen. The lymphocyte cells travel through your body until they find an antigen of the right size and shape to match their specific receptors. It might seem limiting that the receptors of each lymphocyte cell can only match one specific type of antigen, but the body makes up for this by producing so many different lymphocyte cells that the immune system can recognize nearly all invaders.
// memory B cells : Novanet
these are the allo antibodies produced against the foreign cells in a transfused patient
usually foun in patients with multiple transfusions
Doctors who specialize working with Blood Lipids or cholesterol are called what?
This proffesion is called flabotomist. a phlebotomist is someone who draws blood (not as much training as a nurse). You can become one with an associates degree
How do you increase immunities?
By getting vaccinations. They are safe and effective ways to increase immunities and reduce infectious disease. Although the risks are small with vaccine use, they are minuscule when compared to the risk posed by the disease. Keep up to date with vaccinations and make sure your family does as well.
Why do you crash after having sugar?
its cuz your get a spike in blood sugar and your body tries to level it out with insulin. Having a level blood sugar level prevents crashes.
Leukocytes also known as white blood cells (WBC) in a negative or normal test would be 4.5-11.0. A test showing +125.0 would be indicative of a UTI or Urinary Tract Infection. You should give your doctor a call to see if they want you to take a round of antibiotics.
It is not unusual to find a "silent" UTI in a routine urinalysis. In the mean time drink plenty of water and with your doctors OK, cranberry juice or cranberry capsules. The acid in the cranberries will make your urine unfriendly to the bacteria and if caught early enough may make antibiotics unnecessary. Always check with your doctor first though, if left untreated a simple UTI can progress into a full blown Kidney infection. Take my word, you don't want that.
What is a blood cell that produces antibodies called?
T-lymphocytes, they are a type of white blood cell.
Is it true that the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system?
Yes, the immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
Why are immunoglobulins called as G and A and M?
In the 1960's when immunoglobulin nomenclture was finally decided, names were given based on their respective features. Hence lgG stands for gamma-globulin (gamma region of mobility), lgA for alpha-globulin (no immunoglobulin fraction was found in the alpha region) and lgM for macro-globulin (is a protein macroglobulin and is the largest globulin/antibody in the human body).
Will the flu shot decrease your immune system even more?
No, a flu shot tricks your immune system to think you have the flu and it makes and sends antibodies to fight the infection, if you have an otherwise healthy immune system. The immune responses do not "decrease" your system's ability to protect you and actually may help you respond more quickly to the next antigen (causative organism).
A flu shot just introduces a "dead" or weakened flu virus to your system so it can work out how to make antibodies against that organism in advance of a real infection by a full-strength flu virus. The immune system in healthy individuals is ready and able to go to work to fight infections, and the more organisms it works against, the more patterns for antibodies there are in your immune system "memory". Some of the old patterns may match the new organism well enough to provide protection, or make it easier for your immune system to build slight variations in them to work on the new antigen. So, exposure to more organisms may actually help prime your immune system so it can respond more quickly to any "invasion".
a mation is a wrong spelling you fat idiot lern how to spell you PTICK
Are cattle at risk for contracting immune system diseases if infected horses are nearby?
It's really hard to say. If horses have a transmissible disease that affects cattle (and I cannot think of any right off hand), then perhaps. But I haven't yet heard of any real serious immune illnesses that are easily transferred from horses to cattle, sorry.
Tears are considered to be part of what anatomical system?
Tears are considered to be part of the immune system. They contain lysozyme and other substances that protect against bacterial infection.
What do the four stages of the immune system do?
in first phase lymphocytes are activated through producing of antibodies by b cells, also by killing of microbes and antigens by t cells.
in second phase these antigens which are killed in the previous phase are eliminated by Tc cells .
Where in the body are there bacteria that the immune system does not attack?
In the Stomach, or Intestines (Look a little deeper), there is some bacteria that helps with digestion, because they speed up the process. The Immune System recognizes this, and basically leaves them to do their job.
What are the antibodies of the innate immune system?
The innate immunes system does not produce any antibodies.
Cells of the innate immune system are macrophages, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eusinophils), natural killer cells...
