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Immune System

This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.

4,548 Questions

Name three features of secondary immune responses that distinguish it from a primary immune response?

Primary Immune response: 1) Smaller Peak Response 2) Usually IgM>IgG 3) Lowere average Antibody Affinity Secondary Immune Response 1) Larger Peak Response 2) Relative increase in IgG and under certain situations in IgA or IgE ( Heavy Isotype switching) 3) Higher Average Antibody Affinity ( Affinity Maturation)

What is a casro response rate?

Response rate is the number of people who completed the a survey divided by the number contacted, very roughly.

The term CASRO refers to the "Council of American Survey Research Organizations" who developed a much more complicated formula which takes into account non-eligible people/households in the main sample, among other things, to make the response rate more accurate.

How does cancer begin at the cellular level and how does a healthy immune system work to prevent it?

In cellular level Cancer starts with a molecular mutation that effects the DNA of the cell. When this mutation occurs there are some control mechanisms to repair the effected part of the DNA but sometimes the control mechanisms may not work properly and the control on the dmged cell vanish and the cell starts to proliferate repeatedly. usually normal mutations in the DNA are fixed and if it is not fixable the cell goes down a process called apoptosis and that refers the cell is suiciding but some mutations may occur on some genes which are responsible of the activity of tumor supressing and when this kind of genes are effected the seed of cancer is become sown.

What is value delivery system?

No no no no no, ER(: Whether you are working in a sales organization or a factory or an R&D lab, you are also a part of a larger system of delivering value to customers. This end-to-end system that collaborates (at least in some fashion!) to deliver value to customers is called a Value Delivery System. The problem with such situations is that breakdowns and lack of alignment within the whole system can hinder you from optimizing the value that you create and deliver. The activity of improvement thus focuses on the whole system. In any VDS work, an early stage is in scoping out the system on which you are going to work. It can be soup-to-nuts stuff or can be constrained within a single organization. Questions to ask of anyone in the system include: * Who do you deliver value to? * How do they evaluate it? * What is their current evaluation? * Who delivers value to you? * How do you evaluate it? * What is your current evuation? It thus becomes a game of suppliers and customers, linking people and systems together. A neat trick in asking these questions is that you can match up what the suppliers and customers said: are perceptions the same? Usually not. With a little communication, there is scope for immediate improvements. Customers receive value every time they touch us or our products. This customer lifecycle has been characterized by the following stages, which spell the unforgettable word 'COILUSD': * Choosing * Ordering * Installing * Learning * Using * Supporting * Disposing Note: This is an archetype. Your customers may not use this exactly, but it is a good starting point for finding out what it actually it. There is a Value Delivery System aligned to each stage of your end customer's lifecycle, whether it is recognized or not. And it may be delivering great value or very poor value.

What is the problem that causes a code 1744 on a 1999 Mercury Cougar CD4E engine?

Its a dealer code, transmission related. Take it to your dealer for professional diagnosis. just had it done dude it is the torque converter look up the code p1744 and it will tell u

What is an antiglobulin?

An antiglobulin is another name for an antihuman globulin.

What organelles is macrophages rich in?

Lysosomes and Phagocytes to digest and engulf used pathogens and bacteria

What is the most common mode of pathogen transmission?

Transmiaaion of pathogens occurs between the external source and the receptor (new host). It occurs by several methods:

  • airborne distribution (inhalation
  • direct contact between individuals or objets
  • sexual contact
  • non sexual body fluid contact
  • the birthing process to newborns
  • breast feeding
  • contaminated food and water
  • punctures like insect feeding and animal bites and scratches


Worldwide the transmission of fecal matter in drinking water is a significant cause of pathogen transfer and related diseases. Whether this beats out malarial infections is difficult to determine. Tooth decay and colds are also very common but as they are not often lumped with deadly diseases their comparative frequency is not reported.

What are signof inflammation?

There are 5 cardinal signs of Inflammation:

  1. Pain - the inflamed area is likely to be painful, especially when touched.
  2. Redness - this is because the capillaries are filled up with more blood than usual
  3. Immobility - there may be some loss of function
  4. Swelling - caused by an accumulation of fluid
  5. Heat - as with the reason for the redness, more blood in the affected area makes it feel hot to the touch

What is a phatogen?

A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibody.

What is the meaning of anerobic?

A life-form that lives in an oxygen-free environment is described as "anaerobic."

One Time Pad ciphers are immune to brute force attacks because the cipher?

Yes, if they are done correctly. The keyword is a random set of numbers or letters. In fact, this cipher helped to end WW2 because it was so strong.

Part of nail within skin?

Would be the nail root, because it is the potion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin.