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Immune System
This category is for questions about how our bodies identify and fight off disease, infection or pathogens through specialized cells, tissues and organs. The system that does this is called the immune system. It produces antibodies which recognize intruders and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
4,548 Questions
What is the complement system?
The complement system is a major system involved in destroying foreign substances, enhancing both innate and adaptive defenses. 30 blood proteins that circulate in inactive form and they release inflammatory chemicals which amplify all the inflammatory responses. This leads to bacteria and certain other cell types being killed by cell lysis.
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A landholder in New Netherland who, under Dutch colonial rule, was granted rights to a large tract of land in exchange for bringing 50 new settlers to the colony.
Also known as ring vaccination. Crucial to eradication of smallpox (less vaccine/money needed).
From http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=23979:
"The vaccination of all susceptible individuals in a prescribed area around an outbreak of an infectious disease. Ring vaccination controls an outbreak by vaccinating and monitoring a ring of people around each infected individual. The idea is to form a buffer of immune individuals to prevent the spread of the disease."
How do lymphocytes destroy bacteria?
As part of the immune system, all lymphocytes are designed to ultimately defend the body against pathogens. However, amongst the T-cell variety of lymphocytes there are three further subdivisions/types:
- Helper T-cells: Act as regulators by producing proteins (lymphokines) that lead to the activation of the immune system, hence indirectly lead to the destruction of pathogens.
- Killer T-cells: Cytotoxic, hence they directly attack pathogens.
- Suppressor T-cells: Suppress Helpers and Killers, hence preventing the body from attacking its own tissues.
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) (also known as chickenpox, zoster, human herpes type three varicella) is responsible for chickenpox and shingles in humans.
An individual who is immune to the VZV may catch the virus; however, the body will battle and kill the virus before any notable effects occur.
There is a vaccine that provides limited immunity (~10 years) to the virus (for those not already immune); however, the vaccine will not protect against shingles (a stronger vaccine in more limited supply is available for shingles).
Do memory B cells remember pathogens?
Yes.
First exposure: Sensitizing dose - elicits no symptoms
- Memory B cells are produced (now have the memory)
- Small amount of IgE antibodies are produced
- Mast cells and basophils activated
Second exposure: Allergens (those things that cause an allergy) bind to memory B cells.
- B cells produce large amounts of IgE antibodies (high titer)
- IgE bind to mast and basophil cells
- Release chemical mediators
Can a human have both a mutualistic and pathogenic relationship with same organism?
Humans do have a mutualistic and pathogenic relationship with the same organism. This is the planet earth. We are constantly fighting to stay on the mutualistic side of the relationship vs the pathogenic.
List two diseases caused by the absence of a single enzyme in an organism?
protein is an enzyme
due to lack of protein
SCID
Thalassemia
Which cells in the immune system identify pathogens and distinguish one pathogen from another?
B cells and Helper T cells
IT IS THE JUICE FROM A FRUIT WITH THE MAJORITY OF WATER REMOVED.
Is The propecia bad for health?
Finasteride, marketed as Proscar, Propecia, Fincar, Finpecia, Finax, Finast,Finara, Finalo, Prosteride, Gefina, Appecia, Finasterid IVAX, and Finasterid Alternova, is a synthetic antiandrogen (that is, it acts in opposition to the male hormone testosterone). It is currently approved for treatment of Prostate cancer, Benign prostatic hyperplasia and Hair loss in males, which is commonly due to overproduction of testosterone.
Possible side effects include impotence, problems getting and maintaining an erection, reduced sperm count and other sexual problems. It is also known to cause birth defects in male children -- even in tiny amounts -- specifically by interfering with proper development of male genitalia. Great care should be taken to keep it away from women who may become pregnant, even to the extent of not cutting pills in half, etc. in the same house.
It is up to the user to decide whether use of Propecia and other Finasteride drugs is worth the risk of possible side effects, especially since its use for hair growth is of limited value and simply a matter of vanity.
What is the most common type of antibody found in plasma?
Immunoglobulin G; it makes up 80% of the Immunoglobulin content in the bloodstream
