Macromolecules

Hydrolysis is the opposite to condensation. A large molecule is split into smaller sections by breaking
a bond, adding -H to one section and -OH to the other.
The products are simpler substances. Since it involves the addition of water, this explains why it
is called hydrolysis, meaning splitting by water.
A-B + H2O --> A-H + B-OH

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Enzymes are a type of protein macromolecule. They are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body.

No. An orange is a fruit, not a molecule, though an orange does contain macromolecules.

Lipids, specifically phospholipids, are primarily responsible for the insolubility of cell membranes in water. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails of phospholipids repel water, while the hydrophilic head groups interact with water, creating a barrier that separates the internal and external environments of the cell.

The macromolecule described is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It carries genetic information in a coded form using the sequence of its four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine), which are attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and plays a crucial role in inheritance and protein synthesis.

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Proteins, specifically cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), regulate the cell cycle by controlling the transitions between different phases such as G1, S, G2, and M phases. These proteins work together to ensure that the cell progresses through the cell cycle in a controlled and orderly manner. Dysregulation of these proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially contribute to diseases like cancer.

A gene is made up of DNA which is a type of nucleic acid macromolecule.

Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together. The individual smaller molecules are called monomers. When small organic molecules are joined together, giant molecules are produced. These giant molecules are known as macromolecules.

No, at least not on its own. There are at least 32 (there may be more undiscovered that have more minor rolls in the process) different enzymes that are part of the DNA replication process. For example, DNA helicase "unzips" the DNA strand. There are also enzymes that prime it, copy, fix errors, etc.

Protein synthesis in a cell is mainly controlled by the ribosome, which is a complex macromolecular machine responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Ribosomes are composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.

In macromolecules, the backbones are primarily composed of repeating units called monomers that are linked together by covalent bonds. These monomers can be amino acids in proteins, nucleotides in nucleic acids, or sugars in carbohydrates. The specific arrangement and sequence of these monomers along the backbone determine the structure and function of the macromolecule.

The sequence of nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in the DNA molecule is the source of genetic information. This sequence acts as the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

Yes, macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are necessary for the synthesis of proteins. Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids help in protein folding and stability, and nucleic acids carry the genetic information needed for protein synthesis.

A polymer is formed when monomers are joined together through chemical bonds. Polymeric macromolecules can have a wide range of functions and properties depending on the specific monomer units and how they are linked. Examples of polymers in nature include proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates.

sugar molecules. These sugar molecules are linked together to form complex structures like starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for the body and play important roles in cell structure and communication.

Lipids have the highest number of C-H bonds among the macromolecules. Lipids are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together in long hydrocarbon chains, which result in a high number of C-H bonds.

The cell membrane is primarily made up of phospholipids, which form a lipid bilayer that gives the membrane its structure and flexibility. Additionally, proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer, serving various functions such as transport, signaling, and cell recognition.

All macromolecules are made up of smaller subunits (monomers) that are joined together through chemical bonds to form a larger structure. Additionally, these macromolecules play essential roles in the structure and functioning of cells and organisms.

Macromolecules belong to the four major classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules plays unique roles in living organisms, such as providing energy (carbohydrates and lipids), building structures (proteins), and storing genetic information (nucleic acids).

DNA Polymerase III is responsible for adding new nucleotides to the strand being created. DNA Polymerase I replaces the primers with DNA nucleotides. The fragments are then joined together by ligase, and a new strand has been created.

Bacteria and other foreign invaders are attacked by the immune system via special proteins called antibodies. They work by binding on to corresponding sites on the pathogen called antigens. This works to neutralise the invaders by blocking its glycoproteins and marking it for destruction by macrophage white blood cells. Some larger antibodies can bind multiple pathogens together in a process called agglutination.

Mitochondria is made up of all types of macro molecules.They have nucleic acids,proteins,carbohydrates and lipids.