Macromolecules

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport within the cell or for secretion outside the cell.

Both strands of DNA serve as templates for DNA replication, with each strand being used to synthesize a new complementary strand. This process ensures that the genetic information is faithfully copied and transferred to the newly created DNA molecule.

The human body has three macromolecule energy sources: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates are made up of many individual sugar units which are linked together in long chains. The chains can be straight, or they can be branched. Carbohydrates have the molecular formula C6nH(10n+2)O(5n+1) so they only contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. Sugars are used for short to intermediate term storage of energy. That's why drinking a sugary drink can give you energy (a sugar rush) for a short time but then it wears off. The amount of energy in sugar is 4 kcal/g.Proteins are usually made of straight chains of linked peptide units. They provide long term energy storage. Proteins contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen with small amounts of sulfur with varying molecular formulas. That is why eating a steak will make you feel full for many hours. Proteins are also used to build up many of the structures in the human body so they are necessary to repair damaged tissue. The amount of energy in protein is 4 kcal/g, just like sugar.Fats are made of up clusters of fatty acids, long chains of repeating CH2 units so they are mostly made of just carbon and hydrogen. Fats are used for long term energy storage. Excess sugar and protein that is consumed by most animals are converted to fats to save the energy for later. The amount of energy in fat is very high, 9kcal/g.

It was common belief that rhinoceros horns were made of compressed hair, but that has been dispelled. Rhino horn is mostly keratin, and the core of it is made from dense mineral deposits of calcium and melanin.

These organelles are called lysosomes. They contain enzymes that break down various macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell for energy or building new structures. Lysosomes help maintain cellular homeostasis by recycling cellular waste and removing damaged organelles.

A peanut butter and jelly sandwich on wheat bread contains carbohydrates from the bread, sugar from the jelly, and proteins and fats from the peanut butter. These macromolecules provide energy and nutrients to the body.

Lipids store more energy per gram than carbohydrates or proteins.

Well, if you cut the protein with a sagittal cut then you release a high amount of oxygen and hydrogen. When you have other macromolecules and cut them with a coronal cut, then you have a pH of 7. After looking deeper in the protein you find that the only element protein has is Nitrogen.

The approximate dose of radiation required to produce a measurable physical change in a macromolecule varies depending on the type of radiation and the specific macromolecule. However, it typically ranges from 10 to 100 Gy (Gray), with higher doses causing more pronounced changes in the macromolecule's structure.

proteins are conscidered to be the first macromolecules on the primitive earth and are called as protoproteins.They were formed by the random polymerisation of simple aminoacids using the thermal energy of our mother earth during her eary stage of development.we know complex nucleotides were formed evenafter the formation of these protoproteins which trigered the formation of other protoproteins by their enzymatic activity.Eventually other macromolecules such as nuclic acids were formed wth the greate contribution of this enzymatic proteins.

Enzymes are biological macromolecules that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. Enzymes are often proteins that bind to specific substrates and help convert them into products.

monosachcharides

Hydrolysis is the opposite to condensation. A large molecule is split into smaller sections by breaking
a bond, adding -H to one section and -OH to the other.
The products are simpler substances. Since it involves the addition of water, this explains why it
is called hydrolysis, meaning splitting by water.
A-B + H2O --> A-H + B-OH

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Enzymes are a type of protein macromolecule. They are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions in the body.

No. An orange is a fruit, not a molecule, though an orange does contain macromolecules.

Lipids, specifically phospholipids, are primarily responsible for the insolubility of cell membranes in water. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails of phospholipids repel water, while the hydrophilic head groups interact with water, creating a barrier that separates the internal and external environments of the cell.

The macromolecule described is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). It carries genetic information in a coded form using the sequence of its four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine), which are attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone. DNA is found in the nucleus of cells and plays a crucial role in inheritance and protein synthesis.

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Proteins, specifically cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), regulate the cell cycle by controlling the transitions between different phases such as G1, S, G2, and M phases. These proteins work together to ensure that the cell progresses through the cell cycle in a controlled and orderly manner. Dysregulation of these proteins can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and potentially contribute to diseases like cancer.

A gene is made up of DNA which is a type of nucleic acid macromolecule.

Polymers are large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules linked together. The individual smaller molecules are called monomers. When small organic molecules are joined together, giant molecules are produced. These giant molecules are known as macromolecules.

No, at least not on its own. There are at least 32 (there may be more undiscovered that have more minor rolls in the process) different enzymes that are part of the DNA replication process. For example, DNA helicase "unzips" the DNA strand. There are also enzymes that prime it, copy, fix errors, etc.

Protein synthesis in a cell is mainly controlled by the ribosome, which is a complex macromolecular machine responsible for translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Ribosomes are composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.