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Nuclear Physics
Most commonly known for its applications in nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, Nuclear Physics also has applications in medicine and archaeology. This category is for questions about the branch of physics that deals with the study of the forces, reactions, and internal structures of atomic nuclei, Nuclear Physics.
3,164 Questions
How would you compare and contrast X-ray bursts and gamma ray bursts?
If we consider the bursts of high energy electromagnetic radiation from stellar or galactic sources, we encounter bursts of X-rays and gamma rays. The two are similar in that both are examples of high energy electromagnetic energy, and both can be generated by certain stars or galaxies. Additionally, both are the result of nuclear reactions in the star or at sites within the galaxy. But with gamma rays, the sources may be fewer than with X-rays, and the gamma rays are higher in energy than the X-rays.
Is there a maximum of X-rays that a person can have?
Yes, there is some maximum of X-rays that a person can have. An X-ray (any X-ray) exposes the person being imaged to some amount of ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation does some amount of biological damage. But an X-ray, in and of itself, won't "overexpose" an individual to a severe amount of radiation. A half dozen X-rays spaced out over a year given to someone who has needed, say, emergency medical services for injuries, will not usually present a problem.
If you have had an X-ray for any reason, let your medical providor or doctor know when you visit. Certainly you'll need to advise anyone who wishes to give you an X-ray that you've had one or two in the last few months. But it is difficult to get "too much" radiaton from X-rays unless someone is being medically treated with radiation for some reason.
There is no set limit to the number of X-rays someone may get. Is it ten? Or twenty? Who gets twenty X-rays in a year or two? There is a "weight" associated to each X-ray a person gets that might have to be factored in when determining whether someone has had "too much" of this kind of radiation. Unless someone is a radiation worker and/or has had or is undergoing radiation treatment, there is little reason to worry about any dangers from X-ray exposure.
Which material is commonly used as a lining for a box for storing radioactive samples?
Lead is commonly used as a lining material for boxes storing radioactive samples. Lead has the ability to absorb and block radiation, providing a protective shield for individuals handling the samples and preventing radiation exposure to the environment.
Is it confirmed that the antiproton and antineutron exist on earth?
Yes, the antiproton and antineutron have both been confirmed. They were determined to exist in 1955 and 1956, respectively.
It should be noted that these particles are antimatter, and they don't just occur floating around in nature. There are nuclear reactions that occur on and around earth where the two particles are created, however. And they can be created in the physics lab with high enough energy accelerators.
What is a discovered particle belongs to antimatter?
Read the book The atom and The universe: Theories and Facts unfold, published by www.Xlibris.com
Has anyone discovered a rishon?
Apparently not. The Wikipedia article on Rishons sums it up quite nicely: "Currently, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of substructure within quarks and leptons, but there is no profound reason why such a substructure may not be revealed at shorter distances." In summary, the rison model proposes that leptons (such as electrons) and quarks (which make up protons and neutrons) are made up of smaller particles; such particles have not been discovered yet; but they might still be discovered.
It's radioactive. Cameras which sense the radioactivity can then produce an image of the area. Some are very highly detailed, such as a thallium scan of the heart; some are less so, such as gallium and indium scans.
For plato, the answer is A
How does a gamma counter work?
A scintillation counter measures ionizing radiation. The sensor, called a scintillator, consists of a transparent crystal, usually phosphor, plastic (usually containing anthracene), or organic liquid (see liquid scintillation counting) that fluoresces when struck by ionizing radiation. A sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT) measures the light from the crystal. The PMT is attached to an electronic amplifier and other electronic equipment to count and possibly quantify the amplitude of the signals produced by the photomultiplier.
By definition a massless particle has no rest mass therefore it can not take up any spacial volume. I think the confusion lies with calling something that is massless, a particle. This is because as soon as we hear particle we think "object" and objects have definite mass and volume. A photon is massless and sometimes people may refer to it as a particle of light. But in fact that is sort of a misnomer being that it really isn't a particle, though it has particle-like properties. If something is massless theorists have said that the object does not interact with the Higgs field, though gravitational effects are still felt by the photon, example: gravitational lensing.
Texting itself does not cause radiation. However, mobile phones emit low levels of radiation called radiofrequency (RF) radiation when sending and receiving texts. The risk of harmful effects from this radiation is considered to be low, but some people choose to use headphones or speakerphone mode to minimize exposure.
Why can't there be probability density equal to 100 percent in an orbital?
The probability density cannot be greater than 100% because nothing exists with a higher probability, except colloquially. We can say that we have a 110% certainty of something but that is only meant to express how certain we are. Because in reality nothing can be more than 100% in terms of probability density.
After 61.5 years, five half-lives would have passed for tritium (12.3 years x 5 = 61.5 years). Each half-life reduces the amount of radioactive material by half. Therefore, after 61.5 years, 3.125% (0.5^5) of the initial 118mg of tritium would remain radioactive.
How do you find the mass number of a nuclide?
The mass number of a nuclide is found by adding together the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. It is represented by the symbol A in the nuclide symbol.
What us city has highest per capita PHD's?
The city with the highest per capita PhDs in the United States is Washington, D.C. with a significant number of residents holding doctoral degrees due to the concentration of universities, research institutions, and government agencies in the region.
Who first proposed nuclear fusion?
If you mean used by humans, this would have been the first H-bomb test, I'm not sure of the date.
Greenhouse George test in 1950, yield 225KTon, verified feasibility by "lighting a fusion match using a fission blast furnace". Probably much less than 1KTon of yield was due to fusion.
Ivy Mike test in 1952, yield 10MTon, erased the island of eugelab in eniwetok atoll. Device was 80 foot tall, 20 foot diameter, 2 foot thick steel case containing triple steel thermos filled with cryogenic liquid deuterium/tritium and an atomic bomb at the bottom below the thermos.
In 1953 the soviets did an H-bomb test, using solid lithium-deutride fuel in the first actual thermonuclear airdrop, but it was a different design that could not yield much more than a few megatons max.
The US Castle Bravo test in 1954, yield 15MTon, on the end of a causeway at eniwetok atoll punched a hole in the outer reef. Device was first solid lithium-deutride fueled bomb using principles of Ivy Mike design. 5MTon of yield was due to a totally unanticipated effect of the Lithium-7 isotope in the lithium-deutride.
Most of the rest of the high yield Castle and 1956 Redwing tests were either done as airdrops or barge tests in lagoon or Ivy Mike crater to limit further damage to the finite atoll landmass. (how considerate)
What is the main difference between fission and fusion in terms of chemistry?
Fission involves the splitting of a heavy nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing energy. Fusion involves the combining of light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus, also releasing energy. In terms of chemistry, the main difference lies in the type of nuclear reactions involved.
The reason transmutation occurs is that atoms always seek?
to achieve a more stable or lower energy state by rearranging their internal structure and bonding arrangements. This process allows atoms to reach a more favorable configuration with a lower energy level.
How can meson exchange cpontribute to stability of nucleus?
Nucleus consists of protons and neutron. This means that there will be an repulsive force between protons as like charges repel each other. Therefore the nucleus will not be stable and breakdown. This is where mesons particle comes in. Whenever there is an repulsive force between protons the mesons particle convert one of the proton into a neutron and the neutron near is changed to a proton. This takes place in fraction of a second.
p+ + π + -----------> no
no + π - -----------> p+
I think you would know what pi here is or ill type it later if you dont know.
What are the properties of radioactive decay?
Radioactive decay has the following properties:
1. No element can completely decay.
2. The number of atoms decaying in a particular period is proportional to the number
of atoms present in the beginning of that period.
3. Estimate of radioactive decay can be made by half life and decay constant of a
radioactive element.
How do you know when a particle is a beta emitter?
In the physics laboratory, an investigator might use a proportional detector or a scintillation counter to determine when a source is beta emitter. The problem is that a lot of "generalized" detectors (like a Geiger counter) are not specifically set up to detect only beta radiation, and that makes them unsuitable to the task of looking at just that one type of particulate emission. Let's look a bit further.
Beta radiation, which is emitted from a radioactive source that decays by beta emission, is either a positron or an electron. Either one is emitted in beta decay (but not both), and different isotopes decay by one type of beta decay or the other. Further, the beta particle emerges from the beta decay event with considerable kinetic energy. But beta radiation can be stopped by a sheet of paper, so the counter must be set up with a thin window that will allow beta radiation to penetrate it. By choosing an appropriate thickness of material, any alpha radiation will be stopped by the window, and beta radiation will penetrate it. Gamma rays will easily penetrate a window, but the design and construction (as well as the settings) of the detector will minimize any response to gamma radiation.
It might be possible to test the source material to determine what element it is. By knowing the element and its "history" as such, the particular isotope of that element might be determined. The isotopes of the elements have been researched, and a good table of nuclides will allow an investigator to determine whether the isotope being investigated is one that undergoes beta decay.
Who theoretically proposed sub atomic particle Rishon?
Jonah Lehrer proposed the idea of subatomic particles called Rishons in 2002, suggesting they could explain the properties of quarks and leptons. However, this hypothesis has not been widely accepted in the scientific community.
If quarks flow just like the electrons can they create electricity?
The quark comes with what is called a fractional charge. From a purely theorhetical standpoint, a flow of quarks could generate a magnetic field about their path of travel, and this might be used to generate electricity. But quarks, because they have a characteristic called color confinement, cannot exist freely in nature. The quark only exists inside a composite particle called a hadron, of which the proton and neutron are examples. Don't look for any "quark flow" like you would electron flow in what we normally consider electricity. It's something that isn't going to happen.
MRI uses short bursts of radio, at frequencies of a few tens to a few hundreds of Megahertz.
Exactly the same radiation that comes out of an ordinary TV transmitter, but in short bleeps,
and without any sound or picture modulation on it.
Is this true The function of control rods in a nuclear reactor is to speed up the nuclear reactions?
No, the function of the control rods is to absorb surplus neutrons so that the chain reaction proceeds at a steady rate, and to compensate for the reducing reactivity of the reactor as the fuel is burned up over the refuelling cycle. They also have a very important safety function in shutting down the reactor fully when required, by inserting them fully, thus preventing any chain reaction from starting.
What is nuclear fusion in astronomy?
It's the process that takes place in the cores of stars, creating heavier elements
out of lighter ones, and liberating nuclear energy that leaves the stars in the form
of electromagnetic radiation.
