Ottoman Empire

Suleyman gained new territories that his empire had never previously controlled, while Abbas lost lands.

This is a linguistic issue. The Modern Turkish name for the Ottoman Empire is Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, which clearly comes from Osman and not Ottoman.

Many Arabs, even to this day, do not pronounce the letter "thaa" (ث) correctly. It should be pronounced as the "th" in "thin", but many Arabs pronounce is like the "s" in "some". As a result, the Caliph Othman would be mispronounced Osman. Since Turkish does not have a "th", the Turks went with this Arabic mispronunciation by naming their children Osman. English, however, had the "th" and therefore called the Empire the Othman Empire before the "th" was weakened to just a "t" and you have the Otman Empire which changed vowels (as is common in English phonology) and became the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Turkish and Arabic had different writing systems: the Ottoman Turkish alphabet used Latin, Arabic, and Chinese figures, but Arabic only uses Arabic figures. To learn Ottoman Turkish, you could go to http://iwannalearnancient.com. The website is written in Arabic, but on the top you should find the Translate this Page, and translate into English or whatever language you speak.

Because the janissaries protected the sultan

Mehmet II made Constantinople his capital and converted the Hagia Sofia Church (along with several other major churches) into Mosques. He opened the city to Turkish immigration, but permitted Byzantine Christians (and other inhabitants) to remain in the city if they submitted to the religious taxes in force elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire.

The Scimitar dates back to the Ottoman Empire, which lasted approximately 623 years from 1299 to 1922.

Bulgaria was occupied by the Ottoman Empire from 1396-1878 and fought with Central Powers in World War I (like the Ottoman Empire). Bulgaria still has a large Muslim and Turkish minority.

Prince Mustafa, the son of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, died in 1553, reportedly executed by strangulation on the orders of his father. This decision was influenced by court intrigues and the political climate, as Mustafa was seen as a threat to the Sultan's preferred successor, his son Selim. His death marked a tragic end to a promising heir, reflecting the brutal realities of succession in the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman and Safavid rulers allowed some religious toleration to maintain stability and control within their diverse empires, which included various ethnic and religious groups. By permitting a degree of autonomy and coexistence, they aimed to reduce potential unrest and foster loyalty among their subjects. This approach also facilitated trade and economic prosperity, as a more tolerant environment encouraged cooperation among different communities. Ultimately, a pragmatic balance between governance and religious tolerance helped sustain their empires over time.

Austria gained several territories from the Ottoman Empire primarily through the wars fought in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Notably, the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 resulted in Austria acquiring parts of Hungary, Transylvania, and the Banat region. Additionally, the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718 further expanded Austrian territory, granting parts of Serbia and the Morea. These gains marked significant territorial expansion for the Habsburg Monarchy and solidified its influence in Southeast Europe.

European observers were awed by the Ottoman and Mughal Empires due to their vast territorial expanse, sophisticated administrative systems, and cultural achievements. The Ottomans showcased impressive architectural feats, such as the Hagia Sophia's transformation and the grandeur of Topkapi Palace, while the Mughals brought forth stunning monuments like the Taj Mahal and advanced artistic expressions. Additionally, both empires demonstrated significant military prowess and economic power, which positioned them as formidable players on the global stage. Their ability to govern diverse populations and facilitate trade further captivated European interest and admiration.

Modern Turkey was controlled by a combination of Seljuk Turks and Byzantines.

The Ottoman empire exported textiles and rugs. Byzantine emperor Justinian introduced silk cultivation to the West in the sixth century. Factories produced silks for wall hangings, sofa covers, and court costumes.

Suleiman the Magnificent's rule (1520-1566) marked the height of the Ottoman Empire's territorial expansion, cultural flourishing, and legal reform, distinguishing it from the reigns of his predecessors Mehmet II and Selim I. While Mehmet II is known for conquering Constantinople and solidifying Ottoman power, and Selim I expanded the empire significantly into the Middle East, Suleiman focused on consolidating and modernizing the empire's governance, implementing a comprehensive legal code and promoting arts and architecture. His reign is often seen as a golden age, characterized by a blend of military prowess and cultural achievements, setting it apart from the more conquest-driven focuses of Mehmet and Selim.

Yes, poverty was prevalent in the Ottoman Empire, particularly among rural populations and urban laborers. Economic disparities existed due to factors such as heavy taxation, land ownership concentration, and limited access to resources. While the empire was diverse and included affluent elites, many people struggled to make a living, facing hardships exacerbated by political instability and wars. Social mobility was limited, which further entrenched poverty in various communities.

Austria-Hungary

Suleiman the Magnificent ascended to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1520 at the age of 26. He ruled until his death in 1566, becoming one of the longest-serving sultans in Ottoman history and overseeing a significant period of expansion and cultural development.

Suleiman ruled the Ottoman Empire, which expanded to the eastern tip of Africa, most of the Middle East, and a small amount of Europe.

Vienna was never part of the Ottoman Empire, although it was the site of two significant sieges in 1529 and 1683. Venice, on the other hand, had territories that were intermittently under Ottoman control, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. The Republic of Venice engaged in a long conflict with the Ottomans, losing some territories but never fully succumbing to Ottoman rule. Ultimately, while Venice had a complex relationship with the Ottomans, Vienna remained outside of their empire.

Multiple factors helped the Ottoman Empire expand cultural wise, the main one though is that the Ottoman empire was located by a major trade route, so ideas were flowing to and from the city all around the world. Different foods, linens, ideas, technology, and religion were being exchanged because of this, and all played a part in the vast culture of the Ottomans. Suleyman, a well known Sultan of the Ottoman empire was actually influenced by such things and because of the culture blending introduced scholars and artists to his kingdom.

During the Gallipoli Campaign (1915-1916), it is estimated that the Ottoman Empire suffered approximately 250,000 to 300,000 casualties, including deaths and wounded. Of these, the number of soldiers killed is estimated to be around 86,000. The campaign was characterized by fierce fighting and significant loss of life on both sides.