Particle Physics

Everything that goes on in an electrical circuit happens in response to a

flow of electrical current. Electrons are the carriers of electrical charge

whose motion constitutes the electrical current in the circuit.

Dysprosium has various isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. The most common isotope, dysprosium-164, has 98 neutrons.

It is called the electron cloud, the volume in which electrons are most likely to be found. This area is given by Schrodinger's wave equation, which defines psi, the wave function, which squared (psi2) is the probability density. Thus, high probability density equates high electron density. so get over it!

It depends of the flavor of quark

Up-2 MeV/c^2 or 3.57 * 10^(-27) grams

Down-5 MeV/c^2 or 8.91 * 10^(-27) grams

Strange-104 MeV/c^2 or 1.85 * 10^(-25) grams

Charm-1.27 GeV/c^2 or 2.26 * 10^(-24) grams

Bottom-4.2 GeV/c^2 or 7.49 * 10^(-24) grams

Top-171.2 GeV/c^2 or 3.05 * 10^(-22) grams

Quarks were discovered by using particle accelerators to smash subatomic particles. These particle accelerators, beginning with the machine at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), accelerated charged particles to tremendous speeds and then forced them to collide with or smash into target material. The collisions cause protons and neutrons to break apart, and quarks were identified in the particle tracks as some of the "broken bits" that scattered following the collisions.

The quark, which was proposed independently by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964, was confirmed when investigators at SLAC found the first quark in 1968. It took until 1995 to identify the last type of quark when the top quark was spotted in collision results at Fermilab. Links can be found below to related questions and to other places to read more about these fundamental building blocks of matter.

Thorium has an atomic number of 90, or in other words, 90 protons in its nucleus. The mass number or the identification of the -232 isotope with its 142 neutrons is a red herring - in isotopy the number of neutrons may vary but the atomic number or the count of protons is the same. If the atomic number varied from 90 it would by definition no longer be thorium.

The four forces affecting matter are (in order of increasing strength):

1. Gravitational Force

2. Electromagnetic Force

3. Weak Nuclear Force

4. Strong Nuclear Force

Gravity holds macroscopic matter together.

Electromagnetic force prevents atoms and molecules from getting too close, or from passing through each other.

The weak force is why molecules form.

The strong force keeps an atom's nucleus together.

The 1S orbital will hold the innermost pair of electrons.

True. But please note that there are other differences between the proton and the electron as well - for example, the proton has a larger mass, and the proton is made up of smaller particles, while the electron - as far as we know - is not.

yes

Negative charge!!

Before 1900 only the electron was known.

The so called god particle is the Higgs boson. The search and discovery of this particle would advance our knowledge of the universe and how it works. There is no relationship between a god or gods and the particle. This particle was named after the scientist who first theoretically proposed it. Note that "god particle" is a name used only by nonspecialists as journalists.

The LHC in Switzerland at the nuclear research center CERN was meant to find this missing and mysterious particle. It is mean to give matter its mass and other properties. The Higgs boson was supposed to be found but the test are being carried out now. The first results are negative.

Recent update: on 13th December 2011, CERN issued a press release describing the current status of the search for Higgs bosons (see related link). There still has not been a positive discovery, but the possible mass range has been restricted severely and we should know soon (at some point in 2012) whether the standard model version of the Higgs exists or not.

Update: The Higgs boson was discovered on July 4, 2012.

Neutron

These are called nonpolar covalent bonds. In these bonds, electrons are shared equally between atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of charge. Nonpolar covalent bonds typically occur between atoms of the same element or with similar electronegativities.

Every element has a specific number of protons, which is how an element is identified. That gives its atomic number. The number of neutrons can vary, and therefore is not useful in identifying an element.

There is one electron in a hydrogen atom.

CERN is located in Switzerland near Geneva. Coordinates: 46° 14′ 3″ N, 6° 3′ 10″ E.

Argon has an electron orbital pattern of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6. This indicates that it has 18 electrons distributed across different energy levels and orbitals.

In any one orbital there is only one way to arrange the two electrons and that is with opposite spin. (Paulis exlusion principle)

In the 3 different p orbitals you could arrange 2 electrons without spin pairing in the same orbital in 3 ways,

The middle two are the same.

The same applies to d orbitals

Electrical resistance is just that: obstruction to the flow of electrons, which are (generally speaking) electric current. Electrons are what orbit the nucleus of an atom. You can force them out of their various orbital shells by using the proper voltage. Many non-conductive materials are not suitable for electron flow because they have a high resistance, e.g. glass. But if you send enough voltage through materials with high resistance the electrons will arc through the air across the top of the material. Note: You can, with a high enough voltage applied in a particular manner, cause the material itself to "fail" and conduct electricity. The high voltage will destroy the material when it ionizes the atoms within it. We can generate voltages high enough to punch through anything. Almost anything metallic is a good material for an electron to go through. In general, metals are good conductors of electricity. They have a low resistance.

for silicon, which has 14 electrons in its ground state, the electron configuration is:

1s 2

2s 2

2p 6

3s 2

3p 2

a member of the chorus

Hugh

I guess that it is at least 150.