Particle Physics

This is a pure guess work. Sincerely speaking I did not get that concept of colors and flavors in the quarks. So I designed this independent hypothesis. Still so may things are not clear to me. It should be taken as a pure guess work. As per the quantum theory there is fixed mass is there, in the Neutron, Proton and electron. Here the proton, neutron and electron are made up of three rods of miniature magnets. Each magnet is made up of mass that spins around itself with very high speed. Say in 'clockwise' direction. (The length of the magnet may be tens of times to thousands of time more than the breadth of the the magnet.) The spin has given the mass a magnetic property. The spin has given positive electric charge at one end and negative electric charge at another end. This charge can not 'flow' here. It is perfectly static. As there are no 'electrons' are there here to carry the electrical charge. The mass of the magnet is about 1876 times more in case the proton as compared to that of electron.

( The magnets do not collapse into a bundle. This is there, just because of the very high centrifugal force. Centrifugal force is there because of the very high speed of the spin of the fan. This spin is generated as a result of the spin of the individual miniature magnets. Electrical charge and magnetism has to go in, hand in hand, as per my knowledge.)

Now about the arrangement of the three miniature magnets in case of the proton, neutron and electron Now about the structure of the proton. Here the miniature magnets are placed like the 'Y' letter, or like the blades of the fan, which has got three blades. Here the arrangements is peculiar. Two magnets are having positive charge or say the north pole out side and say the south pole or negative charge at the center. Normally two same poles will repel each other. But both are held together by the north pole or the negative charge of the third magnet. So here you have the north pole spinning in between the two south poles. That gives stability to the structure and composition of the proton. Addition of two south poles and one north pole will give you net one south pole at the center. That means addition of two negative and one positive charge will give you net one negative charge at the center of the proton. Addition of two north poles and one south pole will give you net one north pole at the periphery. That means addition of two positive and one negative charge will give you net one positive charge at the periphery. Addition of two negative and one positive charge will give you net one negative charge at the center. Now the three magnets are rotating around the axis like the blades of the fan. At the periphery, you have got two say north poles and one south pole or two positive and one negative electrical charge. The addition of two north poles and one south pole will give you net one north pole or addition of two positive and one negative charge will give net one positive charge. Now you have a fan having north pole at the periphery of the fan and south pole at the center of the fan, or the fan which has got the positive charge at the outer side and negative charge at the center of the fan. For the outside world this fan acts like to have unit positive charge.

Now the structure of the neutron. It has got the same 'Y' shape like a fan. You draw a diagram of the proton as given above. You have two positive charges and one negative charge out side. Now you add one electron to one positive charge out side. It has become neutral. Then you add a pair of positron and electron. Together they are nothing. So they get created by reverse process of annihilation. Positron is added to the negative terminal. Electron is added to the positive terminal. Now you have a neutron ready with no charge and added the mass of three electrons. ( The mass of positron is being equal to electron.)

Now to confirm this fact by simple mathematical calculation. Protons are only about 99.86% as massive as neutrons, while electrons are only about 0.054% as massive as neutrons. Now to multiply the mass of electron by 3. 0.054*3 = 0.162. Add this figure to 99.86. 99.86+0.162=100.02.

Here the mass is not exactly 100. The difference has some thing to do with the measurement of the spinning mass. I will like to explain this on the basis of simple experiment. You attach the balls of metal to the ends of the fan. The length of the blades of one fan are longer. The one with longer blade will strike harder. Here both the fans are rotating with the 'same' speed.

Now about the composition of the electron. Electron is also made up of three miniature magnets. The mass of the magnets is 1/1976 times less than that of proton. The miniature magnets are placed here in reverse direction to that are placed in case of the proton. So you have net negative charge outside. The speed of spin will be 1976 times more than that of proton and neutron. This has to be there to generate the equal and opposite electrical charge. This is compatible to the quantum theory.

Now to explain the instability of the neutron in the free state and stability in the nucleus.

In the free state of neutron, two electron and positron are liberated. This happens due to the centrifugal force. One electron and positron annihilate each other. As a result the single electron is expelled out. I prefer not to comment on the mass and effects of anti-neutrinos to avoid the lengthy discussion.

Now to explain the stability of the neutron in the nucleus. You have to do a simple experiment for this. Cut the pieces of paper like 'Y' shape. Write 'P' at the center of few such papers. These are protons. Write + sign at two ends and - sign at the third end. Then write 'N' at the center of others. Here you write two + and one - sign at the periphery. In addition you write - sign outside the + sign. Write + sign out side the - sign. These three denotes the two electrons and one positron. Now you have a model of proton with two positive charges out side and one negative charge outside. You have a model of neutron with two negative charges outside and one positive charge outside. Go on placing proton on the neuron with opposite charges. You have got the packed nucleus. Now the isotopes also can be explained very easily. You put that one neutron above the proton in deuterium and one below and one above in case of tritium. Here the distance is very less. So the force of gravity will be exceedingly high. Just try to put the figures of the masses and distance, in the formula of the force of gravity and see.

Now comes the best part of the story. It is presumed in the beginning that the the miniature magnets are rotating in the 'clockwise' direction. If you rotate the magnets in reverse direction, you get exactly opposite poles of the magnets and exactly opposite charge in case of the proton and neutron. They are called as anti-proton and anti-neutron. Here the direction of the rotation of the fan gets reversed. The net magnetic effect will be zero, the net charge will be zero in case of the anti-neutron. But the direction of the north to south poles will be reversed. The proton and anti-proton will annihilate each other. The neutron and anti-neutron will annihilate each other.

Now, the protons and neutrons are placed alternately to give you nucleus. The stability of the structure tend to disturb as the height of the structure increases. That can be understood very easily. It is like that the tall building tend to fall. Say after the atomic number of the lead. Then the nucleus becomes unstable. Here the one question remains unanswered. why there are more neutrons than the number of protons as the atomic number increases. The reason is simple. You need more of the packing material, which is neutral. Here those extra neutrons has got different structure. The miniature magnets form a triangle. Here the north pole of one miniature magnet comes in contact with the south pole of the other miniature magnet. Or you can say that one positive charge comes in contact with the negative charge to give perfectly electrically neutral particle. Here I want to make a statement that the electrical charge can not exists without magnetic field and vice verse. They go hand in hand.

(When you talk of of electrical charge, you tend to imagine the transfer of the electrical charge. Here the electrical charge in the miniature magnets in the particles is totally different. It can not be transferred to other particle. It is perfectly static. You need electron to transfer the electrical charge. Here there is in no electron to transfer the electrical charge.)

As per this hypothesis the proton is a miniature magnet. That is why the protons get in alignment in very high magnetic field. This is the mechanism of action of MRI scan.

This theory should also explain the simple question that arise in the mind of every child. The question is to why the proton and electron do not come together to form a neutral particle. The electron is thrown away from the proton. As the centrifugal force is more than the force of attraction between the opposite charges. They are not the simple particles with positive and negative charge.

Now about the mass of proton and neutron. All the protons have got the same mass. But all the neutrons do not have exactly the same mass. Some of the neutrons are fan shaped. They have the added mass of two electrons and one positron. Some other have the shape of triangle. They do not have two electrons and one positron added to it. So what you get is the 'average' mass of the neutron. That is why the 'average' mass of neutron is 'not' equal to proton with added electrons. It is little less than that. The quantum theory was preventing me to accept the mass of the neutron.

Now about the liberation of the anti-neutrinos in the decay of the free neutron. You should get large quantity of the neutrinos in the decay of the neutron. Because only one electron is ejected and rest of the mass is converted into smaller particles like anti-neutrinos.

There is very simple explanation for the emission of the anti-neutrinos. It takes fairly large energy to expel the electron from the neutron. This much anti-energy or the negative energy is converted into anti-neutrinos that you get in the process.

Not a single anti-neutrino or the neutrino you get for free in the space.

It will move following a random walk due to collisions with atoms and other electrons at a speed of roughly 1 mm per hour through the car's wiring and circuits towards the positive pole of the battery.

Note that the speed of the individual electrons and the speed of electric current are totally different, the electric current moves at a speed approaching that of light.