Particle Physics

The frequency of the matter wave associated with a 10 electron volt free electron is approximately 2.42 x 10^20 Hz. The wavelength is approximately 1.24 x 10^-10 meters. These values are calculated using the de Broglie wavelength equation: wavelength = h / p, where h is Planck's constant and p is the momentum of the electron.

In order to make a current flow, there's always a source of power. It may be a battery or some other
"power supply". For every electron that comes out of one terminal of the power supply, an electron
goes into the other terminal.

Hydrogen-1, (there is a trace of hydrogen-2 (deuterium) found in nature, and hydrogen-3 is an artificial isotope)

In PET scans, antimatter (positrons) is used in the form of a radiopharmaceutical to create images of metabolic activity in the body. When the radiopharmaceutical is injected into the body, the positrons emitted from it annihilate with electrons in the body, producing gamma rays. These gamma rays are detected by the PET scanner to create detailed images of organs and tissues.

The NO- ion would have 11 valence electrons. This is because nitrogen typically has 5 valence electrons and oxygen typically has 6 valence electrons in their neutral states, so NO- would have 5 + 6 = 11 valence electrons.

A quark is a subatomic particle, so writing as small as a quark would require an incredibly tiny amount of space, essentially approaching the Planck length, which is the smallest meaningful length. In contrast, a googolplex is a very large number, significantly larger than the number of quarks in the observable universe. The paper or medium needed to write a googolplex would be practically infinite compared to the space needed to write as small as a quark.

The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in its nucleus. This information identifies the element uniquely and determines its chemical properties. Electrons in a neutral atom balance the positive charge of the protons.

Jimmy Neutron's teacher's name is Ms. Fowl.

The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to establish a proton gradient. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

The charge of a triplet of strange quarks would be -⅓ times 3, which is -1. This is because each strange quark has an electric charge of -⅓.

Force is a push or pull on an object resulting from its interaction with another object. There are four main types of force: gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak nuclear force, and strong nuclear force. Advantages of force include the ability to move objects, cause changes in motion, and create interactions between objects. Disadvantages of force can lead to damage, injury, or destruction if not properly controlled or applied.

A positively charged subatomic particle is a proton. Protons are found in the nucleus of an atom and have a charge of +1. They contribute to the overall positive charge of the nucleus and help hold the atom together.

The problem was that the Sun should output a lot more electron neutrinos then were measured. This meant that the model describing the interior of the Sun would be wrong, but it was working very well in predicting other things.

It was finally solved when something called neutrino oscillation was discovered. It turned out that (this might be a bit technical) the interaction state of a neutrino was not equal to its mass or propagation state. In short, this meant that electron neutrino's could become muon or tau neutrino's after a while (and change back again after that).

After this people began looking for muon and tau neutrinos coming from the Sun and together with the electron neutrino number they added up to the amount the Solar model predicted. The problem was thus solved; the Sun DOES output more electron neutrino's but some of these change into muon or tau neutrinos before they reach the Earth, and since we were initially only looking for electron neutrinos we missed some.

In a literal sense no, but they have been detected experimentally. The fact that your television works is proof enough that electrons exist, since an electron is required to strike a screen in order to produce an image.

If atoms that share electrons have an unequal attraction for the electrons, the bond is called a polar covalent bond. This occurs when one atom has a higher electronegativity than the other, leading to an uneven distribution of electrons in the bond.

perpendicular to the magnetic field direction

Electricity is measured by amperes, not by counting electrons. And of course, different circuits have different numbers of amperes moving through them anyway. However, for a very rough estimate, there would normally be something on the order of a trillion trillion electrons involved in a normal electric current. Individual electrons are very small and very numerous.

It is not the number of valence electrons that an insulator has that is important. It is the way the valence electrons are "arranged" in the structure of the material that matters. If not all the valence electrons of a substance are "involved" in the structure of the material, then these electrons are said to be free electrons. They move about in the substance, and are free to contribute to electron flow. The metals are examples. In contrast with this, if all the electrons are bound up in a material, they are not free to support current flow, and the material is said to be an insulator. Said another way, if the valence electrons in a material are in a Fermi energy level that overlaps the conduction band for that material, the material is a conductor. In an insulator, the valence electrons are all in Fermi energy levels that are below the conduction band for that material, and it is an insulator. Applying a voltage to an insulator will not "lift" the valence electrons up into the conduction band to allow them to support current flow.

Yes, subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons have mass, which means they do have gravity. Gravity is a fundamental force that affects all objects with mass, regardless of their size.

I assume you mean that orbital 1 has 2 electrons, orbital 2 has 8 and orbital 3 has 8.

The electron configuration of this is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

(2+2+6+2+6=18) 18 is the atomic number of 18Ar or Argon.

Adding a neutron to a carbon-12 atom would result in the creation of a carbon-13 atom. This would increase the atomic mass of the carbon atom by one unit while retaining its chemical properties as a carbon element.

The strong interaction (strong force) and weak interaction (weak force) as well as the electromagnetic force are fundamental forces. The only one "missing" from this lineup is gravity, the fourth fundamental force in the universe.

Des Dichado is wrong. Obviously, the number cannot be calculated exactly, but it can certainly be approximated. Wikipedia gives the six most abundant elements by mass in humans (constituting 98.7%) as, in order, oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.2%), calcium (1.5%), and phosphorus (1%). Given the mass of a person, it's simple math to calculate the number of moles of each element in the person. Each element has a most abundant isotope, which has a known number of subatomic particles. I calculated that an 80 kg human (~176 lbs) has approximately 7.36*10^28 protons, neutrons, and electrons.

an ion.

Because its atomic number is 21, it has 21 protons, 21 neutrons, and 21 electrons.