Predictions

Seismic activity (earthquakes and tremors) always occurs as volcanoes awaken and prepare to erupt and are a very important link to eruptions. Some volcanoes normally have continuing low-level seismic activity, but an increase may signal a greater likelihood of an eruption. The types of earthquakes that occur and where they start and end are also key signs. Volcanic seismicity has three major forms: short-period earthquake, long-period earthquake, and harmonic tremor.

• Short-period earthquakes are like normal fault-generated earthquakes. They are caused by the fracturing of brittle rock as magma forces its way upward. These short-period earthquakes signify the growth of a magma body near the surface and are known as 'A' waves. These type of seismic events are often also referred to as Volcano-Tectonic (or VT) events or earthquakes.

• Long-period earthquakes are believed to indicate increased gas pressure in a volcano's plumbing system. They are similar to the clanging sometimes heard in a house's plumbing system, which is known as "water hammer". These oscillations are the equivalent of acoustic vibrations in a chamber, in the context of magma chambers within the volcanic dome and are known as 'B' waves. These are also known as resonance waves and long period resonance events.

• Harmonic tremors are often the result of magma pushing against the overlying rock below the surface. They can sometimes be strong enough to be felt as humming or buzzing by people and animals, hence the name.

Patterns of seismicity are complex and often difficult to interpret; however, increasing seismic activity is a good indicator of increasing eruption risk, especially if long-period events become dominant and episodes of harmonic tremor appear.

Using a similar method, researchers can detect volcanic eruptions by monitoring infra-sound-sub-audible sound below 20 Hz. The IMS Global Infrasound Network, originally set up to verify compliance with nuclear test ban treaties, has 60 stations around the world that work to detect and locate erupting volcanoes. [1]

A relation between long-period events and imminent volcanic eruptions was first observed in the seismic records of the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia. The occurrence of long-period events were then used to predict the 1989 eruption of Mount Redoubt in Alaska and the 1993 eruption of Galeras in Colombia. In December 2000, scientists at the National Center for Prevention of Disasters in Mexico City predicted an eruption within two days at Popocatépetl, on the outskirts of Mexico City. Their prediction used research that had been done by Bernard Chouet, a Swiss volcanologist who was working at the United States Geological Survey and who first observed a relation between long-period events and an imminent eruption.[1][2][3] The government evacuated tens of thousands of people; 48 hours later, the volcano erupted as predicted. It was Popocatépetl's largest eruption for a thousand years, yet no one was hurt.

It has recently been published that the striking similarities between iceberg tremors, which occur when they run aground, and volcanic tremors may help experts develop a better method for predicting volcanic eruptions. Although icebergs have much simpler structures than volcanoes, they are physically easier to work with. The similarities between volcanic and iceberg tremors include long durations and amplitudes, as well as common shifts in frequencies. (Source: Canadian Geographic "Singing icebergs")

As magma nears the surface and its pressure decreases, gases escape. This process is much like what happens when you open a bottle of soda and carbon dioxide escapes. Sulphur dioxide is one of the main components of volcanic gases, and increasing amounts of it herald the arrival of increasing amounts of magma near the surface. For example, on May 13, 1991, an increasing amount of sulphur dioxide was released from Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines. On May 28, just two weeks later, sulphur dioxide emissions had increased to 5,000 tonnes, ten times the earlier amount. Mount Pinatubo later erupted on June 12, 1991. On several occasions, such as before the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the 1993 Galeras, Colombia eruption, sulphur dioxide emissions have dropped to low levels prior to eruptions. Most scientists believe that this drop in gas levels is caused by the sealing of gas passages by hardened magma. Such an event leads to increased pressure in the volcano's plumbing system and an increased chance of an explosive eruption.

• forward looking infrared radiometry (FLIR) from hand-held devices installed on-site, at a distance, or airborne;
• Infrared band satellite imagery;
• in-situ thermometry (hot springs, fumaroles)
• heat flux maps
• geothermal well enthalpy changes

• Borehole and well hydrologic and hydraulic measurements are increasingly used to monitor changes in a volcanoes subsurface gas pressure and thermal regime. Increased gas pressure will make water levels rise and suddenly drop right before an eruption, and thermal focusing (increased local heat flow) can reduce or dry out acquifers.

• Detection of lahars and other debris flows close to their sources. USGS scientists have developed an inexpensive, durable, portable and easily installed system to detect and continuously monitor the arrival and passage of debris flows and floods in river valleys that drain active volcanoes.

• Pre-eruption sediment may be picked up by a river channel surrounding the volcano that shows that the actual eruption may be imminent. Most sediment is transported from volcanically disturbed watersheds during periods of heavy rainfall. This can be an indication of morphological changes and increased hydrothermal activity in absence of instrumental monitoring techniques.

• Volcanic deposit that may be placed on a river bank can easily be eroded which will dramatically widen or deepen the river channel. Therefore, monitoring of the river channels width and depth can be used to assess the likelihood of a future volcanic eruption.

• 'Cloud sensing: Scientists can monitor the unusually cold eruption clouds from volcanoes using data from two different thermal wavelengths to enhance the visibility of eruption clouds and discriminate them from meteorological clouds
• 'Gas sensing: Sulphur dioxide can also be measured by remote sensing at some of the same wavelengths as ozone. TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) can measure the amount of sulphur dioxide gas released by volcanoes in eruptions
• Thermal sensing: The presence of new significant thermal signatures or 'hot spots' may indicate new heating of the ground before an eruption, represent an eruption in progress or the presence of a very recent volcanic deposit, including lava flows or pyroclastic flows.
• Deformation sensing: Satellite-borne spatial radar data can be used to detect long-term geometric changes in the volcanic edifice, such as uplift and depression. In this method, called InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), DEMs generated from radar imagery are subtracted from each other to yield a differential image, displaying rates of topographic change.
• Forest Monitoring: In recent period it has been demonstrated the location of eruptive fractures could be predicted, months to years before the eruptions, by the monitoring of forest growth. This tool based on the monitoring of the trees growth has been validated at both Mt. Niyragongo and Mt. Etna during the 2002-2003 volcano eruptive events.[4]

The most famous volcanic landslide was probably the failure of a bulge that built up from intruding magma before the Mt. St. Helens eruption in 1980, this landslide "uncorked" the shallow magmatic intrusion causing catastrophic failure and an unexpected lateral eruption blast. Rock falls often occur during periods of increased deformation and can be a sign of increased activity in absence of instrumental monitoring. Mud flows (lahars) are remobilized hydrated ash deposits from pyroclastic flows and ash fall deposits, moving downslope even at very shallow angles at high speed. Because of their high density they are capable of moving large objects such as loaded logging trucks, houses, bridges, and boulders. Their deposits usually form a second ring of debris fans around volcanic edifices, the inner fan being primary ash deposits. Downstream of the deposition of their finest load, lahars can still pose a sheet flood hazard from the residual water. Lahar deposits can take many months to dry out, until they can be walked on. The hazards derived from lahar activity can several years after a large explosive eruption.

A team of US scientists developed a method of predicting lahars. Their method was developed by analyzing rocks on Mt. Rainier in Washington. The warning system depends on noting the differences between fresh rocks and older ones. Fresh rocks are poor conductors of electricity and become hydrothermically altered by water and heat. Therefore, if they know the age of the rocks, and therefore the strength of them, they can predict the pathways of a lahar.[5] A system of Acoustic Flow Monitors (AFM) has also been emplaced on Mount Rainier to analyze ground tremors that could result in a lahar, providing an earlier warning.[6]

Five instruments that may be used in an attempt to predict an earthquake are the following:

1. Creepmeter, which straddles the fault line and shows when the soil above the earth's crust starts to move as part of an earthquake;

2. Global positioning system, which shows when the earth's crust starts to shift as part of an earthquake;

3. Laser light, which straddles the fault line and shows when a light beam from one side isn't transmitted in the expected amount of time or to the expected place on the other;

4. Magnetometer, which shows the changes that are made to the magnetic field by the underground activities leading to an earthquake;

5. Strain meters, through the coordinated use of the seismograph and seismometer, to show the presence of the vibrations that lead up to and are part of an earthquake.

Most people don't even think about the world coming to an end at all, let alone on a specific year. However for those who do, Mayan calenders pointed out the specific date of December 2012 as the year that something big was going to happen. Earth is long overdue for a: 1) Meteor /asteroid impact 2) Humungus earthquake (eg San Andreas fault in California)

3) Explosion of Yellowstone Supervolcano 4) Comeback of Rick Astley Also in the year 2012 scientists expect the Earth's and the Sun's magnetic fields will be in sync at the peak of Solar Cycle 24. Mioara Mandea , a scientist at the 'German Research Centre for Geosciences' in Potsdam, said the changes "may suggest the possibility of an upcoming reversal of the geomagnetic field". The resultant huge climatic reversals would cause such things as Equatorial regions to become Polar, fertile areas to become deserts, and destroy electricity grids because of their vulnerability to the greatly-increased magnetic radiation in much the same way as would an EMP (Electromagnetic Pulse) from nuclear-missile detonations. (Needless to say there is little publicity on this because there is nothing anyone can do about it.) Many would see this as the end of the world, but God said the end of the world would be sudden and by fire:- Mat 24:14 And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached throughout the whole inhabited earth as a testimony to all the nations, and then the end will come.

2Pe 3:10-13 ISV But the Day of the Lord will come like a thief. On that day the heavens will disappear with a roaring sound, the elements will be destroyed by fire, and the earth and everything done on it will be exposed. (v.11) Since everything will be destroyed in this way, think of the kind of holy and godly people you ought to be (v.12) as you look forward to and hasten the coming of the day of God, by which the heavens will be set ablaze and dissolved and the elements will melt with fire. (v.13) But in keeping with his promise, we are looking forward to new heavens and a new earth, where righteousness is at home.

Most people don't give any thought at all to even the possibility of the world ending, but for those who do most believe it is either in 2012 or some time later at some indeterminate time: statistics and therefore proportions are unavailable. No matter what the cause or date, by this time no-one would believe that global warming was caused by human emissions!

Banquo had three reactions to the witches' predictions.

Specifically, his first reaction in Act 1 Scene 3 of the Shakespearean play was one of indifference, in lines 60-61. He refused to beg or fear them and their words, thoughts and deeds. His second reaction was one of jest about the insanity of listening to or believing in them, in lines 83-85. His final reaction was one of distrust of their motives, in lines 107 and in 122-126. He said that supernatural meddling with mortals followed hidden agendas and worked to a human's detriment.

There are multiple models as to the projected effects of global climate change assuming current carbon emissions are not reduced.

• One of the most catastrophic outcomes will be rising sea levels due to glacier, Greenland and Antarctic ice melts. This has the potential to radically alter population dense coastlines and even eliminate entire coastal/island nations.
• Discrete changes in temperature over the long run may also contribute to and cause mass extinction events of millions of species.
• Other effects include acceleration in losses of arable lands and further pressure on irrigation and water supplies.

Be assured it is not JUST an idea of Apostle Paul, it was prophesied by others as well. As of June 30 th 2010, nothing more has to be fulfilled from a Bibiical prospective. There is suppose to be a separation period that is not as discussed as much in the Christian world. If it was, it would bring such a stage of repentance and revival, that hasn't been seen for a very long time. Referred to as; separating the wheat fron the chaff, or the goats from the sheep.

In the Holy Bible, there are scriptures that point to the day that all true believing followers of Christ, will be taken from the earth, after the long deseased ones. Then, what is going to happen immediatley after is 7 years of horrible tribulation. This is something that many will not survive and most would not want to survive through. To those that do not believe in Christ or even in God, this would just seem just as a way to avoid this trouble and even death itself. Who wouldn't want to avoid what is in the Book of Revelations and what happens just prior to dying?

Thing is, many so called "Christian" will find themselve still here when the great "catching away" is completed, as they were just playing the part of a religious person only. Christ did say; "...There be few that find it." Meaning that there will be those they say, "have we not done great and might works in the name of Yeshua (Christ)." Christ will spew them out of His mouth. So, for the follower and believer, don't assume you are ready...BE ready at all times. In the tribulation, you WILL be executed for being Christian or even Jewish. Of course, Jews are always a part of someones dreams of "extermination". However, this will be the final time that God will tolerate this and all evil that has been done. Read the rest of this story. You'll find that it is not JUST a story.

Answer:

The name "rapture," in reference to the prophecies of Jesus' return to earth, came into existence around the mid 1800's. The word itself doesn't appear in the Bible.

The "rapture" comes with a wide variety of beliefs as to exactly "when" and "how" it might happen in relation to the prophesied "Great Tribulation" -- before it, after it, during it... or continually. It depends upon who you talk to.

The whole thing stems from a general multi-faceted misunderstanding about "the Day of the Lord"... the time when Jesus Christ returns to the earth with the Kingdom of God.

Some [most? all?] rapture beliefs have Jesus returning on a "near-miss trajectory," just skimming the earth's atmosphere just enough to snatch up His saints to zip them off the earth and back to heaven with Him.

Paul's passages on this event of the "gathering of the saints" by the Lord are mostly misunderstood by men. Thus, the general confusion as to the exact details of how the alleged "rapture" might actually go down... as opposed to what Paul truly says about "the gathering of the saints."

But, the "rapture" name wasn't applied to it until around the 1830's by a charismatic London Presbyterian minister named Edward Irving who, in the fostering of his own beliefs about end time prophecy, along with his "Irvingites," was a pioneer of the modern Pentecostal movement.

Answer: In my studies I found this: The term RAPTURE was first used by a man by the name of Jerome in 385 AD [source TBN] I also heard about the 18oo also, Scripture is very clear Messiah doesn't return until AFTER the Great Tribulation Matt.24 and one must know about the sound and blowing of the Jewish Trumpet called the Shofar, (ram;s horn) He returns at the LAST GREAT SOUND and this is after the 3rd temple where the anti-christ must reveal himself. And much more.

Another answer:

The "Rapture" is a multi-faceted [fairly modern; 1800's] overly developed religious doctrine of confusing origin as well as concept, with a wide range of beliefs regarding what it is, when it is, how it might play out... not to mention a certain amount of egotistical competition among many religious factions as to 'who is more right about it than everyone else.'

Therefore... the "invention" of the Rapture must be laid at the feet of "the great Dragon":

"...the ancient Serpent called the Devil, or Satan, THE ONE DECEIVING THE WHOLE WORLD..." (Rev.12:9 NLT New Living Translation).

"For God is not a God of disorder but of Peace, as in all the other churches." (I Cor.14:33 NLT)

"Do you think that the knowledge of God's Word begins and ends with you Corinthians? Well, you are mistaken!" (verse 36)