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Science Experiments

Experiments often conducted by students to test different scientific theories and hypotheses

11,111 Questions

Catchy science fair project title?

It depends on the type of project. If it has something to do with wind turbines, for example, you could do "Gone With the Wind" or if it has something to do with green energy, you could do "Green with Envy". You might want to clarify your question if you want a more specific answer!

What is in RNA but not in RNA?

RNA is single stranded and has Uracil instead of Thymine.
DNA is double stranded and has Thymine, not Uracil.

Can Discoveries and ideas generated in one experiment be used for another experiment?

Yes, discoveries and ideas generated in one experiment can often be applied to another experiment. Researchers can use insights gained from one experiment to inform the design and implementation of subsequent experiments, leading to new discoveries and advancements in the field. This iterative process helps build on existing knowledge and push the boundaries of scientific understanding.

Which of these forms when the temperature in the layer of air just above the earth's surface matches the dew point?

Dew forms when the temperature in the layer of air just above the Earth's surface matches the dew point. This causes the air to reach saturation, leading to water vapor condensing into liquid water on surfaces like grass or cars.

What are the five qualities of a good disinfectant?

DisinfectionDecontamination of laboratory benches, furniture, equipment and other materials requires the use of chemical disinfectants. Their activity is related to the following factors:
  • concentration
  • pH
  • contact time
  • humidity
  • temperature
  • presence of organic matter
Choosing a DisinfectantMicroorganisms present a range of resistances to chemical disinfectants and no single disinfectant is effective in all situations. Consider the following points when selecting a disinfectant:
  • type of microorganisms, numbers and presence of spores
  • physical situation (surface type, suspension, etc.)
  • contact available between disinfectant and microorganisms
  • possible interaction between disinfectant and materials
  • contact time allowable
  • concentration

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Preparing Working DilutionsFollow the manufacturer's recommendations for dilution of concentrated disinfectant.
  • Prepare fresh dilutions daily
  • Use clean, dry containers
  • Use clean water for dilutions

FungigoodslightnilgoodgoodgoodBacteria (gram +/-)goodgoodgoodgoodgoodgoodMycobacteriafairfairgoodgoodgoodgoodSporesnilfairnilgood (<40ºC)good (<20ºC)slightLipid VirusesslightslightslightslightslightslightNon-Lipid VirusesvariableslightvariableslightslightslightSkinslightslightnilslightslightslightEyesslightslightslightslightslightslightLungsnilslightnilslightslightniltop of page

Common DisinfectantsChlorine Compounds

Generally used in the form of sodium hypochlorite.

  • Effective against a wide variety of microorganisms (vegetative bacteria and viruses). Preferred disinfectant for HIV and hepatitis viruses.
  • Use at 0.1% as a general disinfectant.
  • Less suitable in the presence of organic matter (such as blood). Concentration must be increased to retain action (0.5%).
  • Effective between a pH range of 6-8.
  • Strength decreases on standing (make fresh solutions daily).
  • High concentrations corrode metal surfaces, and bleach and damage fabrics.
Alcohols

Ethanol (80% v/v ethyl alcohol) or 2-propanol (60-70% v/v iso-propyl alcohol) solutions are used to disinfect skin and decontaminate clean surfaces.

  • Effective against fungi, vegetative bacteria, Mycobacterium species and some lipid-containing viruses.
  • Not effective against spores.
  • Most effective at 70% in water.
  • May swell rubber or harden plastics.
  • Do not use near flames due to flammability.

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Iodine

Iodine vapour is highly toxic and is absorbed through the skin

Iodine is used in aqueous or alcoholic solution.

  • Rapidly effective against most microorganisms.
  • Usually diluted to 1% w/v free iodine, optimum pH neutral to acid.
  • Not suitable in the presence of organic matter.
  • Stains skin and may cause irritation.
  • Dilute in alcohol for washing hands, or use as a sporicide.
  • Prepare dilutions daily.
  • Most commonly used for skin disinfection and decontaminating clean surfaces.
  • Decomposes when heated above 40ºC.
  • Do not use on aluminum or copper.

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Formaldehyde

Precautions are required when handling formaldehyde (refer Australian Standard 2508.6.026)

Formalin is 37% w/v formaldehyde gas in water.

  • Active against most microorganisms.
  • 13% v/v formalin is a good decontaminant (but has an irritating odour).
  • 8% v/v formalin in 80% v/v alcohol is effective against vegetative bacteria, spores and viruses.
  • Does not corrode stainless steel.
  • Use to disinfect equipment such as centrifuges or biosafety cabinets.
  • Formaldehyde can be used to disinfect rooms, cubicles and safety cabinets: THIS PROCEDURE MUST BE PERFORMED BY NATA ACCREDITED PERSONNEL ONLY.
  • Generated by heating paraformaldehyde suspended in silicone oil to 160ºC.
  • Use 5 grams formaldehyde per cubic metre of space to be decontaminated.
  • Requires relative humidity between 70% and 90% (humidity can be raised by evaporating water into the room).
  • Formaldehyde can react with free chlorine to produce toxic gas. Remove hypochlorite solutions and hydrochloric acid from spaces to be decontaminated.
  • Neutralise with ammonia following decontamination.

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Glutaraldehyde

Glutaraldehyde is known to cause dermatitis and asthma

Glutaraldehyde is commercially available as 2% w/v aqueous solution which must be made alkaline to "activate" (e.g. by addition of 0.3% sodium bicarbonate).

  • Active against vegetative bacteria, spores, fungi and many viruses.
  • Less irritating than formaldehyde, but may cause dermatitis. Wear protective gloves when handling materials which have been immersed in glutaraldehyde.
  • Discard if turbid.
  • Also available in stable glycocomplexed form which does not require addition of alkaline buffer.
Chorohexidine

Chlorhexidine as chlorhexidine gluconate is dissolved in 70% alcohol.

  • Use as antiseptic. Apply alcoholic chlorhexidine to the skin in the event of accidental contamination.
  • Effective against Gram-positive organisms and HIV.
  • Not recommended as a general disinfectant.
  • Not active against sporulating bacteria or non-lipid-containing viruses.
  • Active in pH range 5.5 - 8.0.
  • Incompatible with soap and anionic detergents.

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Hydrogen Peroxide

A concentration of 3% w/v generally used for disinfection.

  • Active against a range of microorganisms.
  • Fungi, spores and enteric viruses require higher concentration.
  • No toxic end-products of decomposition.
  • Do not use on aluminum, copper, zinc or brass.
Phenolics

Synthetic phenolics (clear soluble fluids) can be used as general disinfectants in the laboratory.

  • Active against bacteria and lipid-containing viruses.
  • Not active against spores and non-lipid-containing viruses.
  • Active in presence of organic matter.
  • Use for disinfecting floors, walls, benches and other furniture.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Quaternary ammonium compounds are positively charged (cationic) surface-active disinfectants.

  • Effective against Gram-positive bacteria and lipid-containing viruses.
  • Not recommended as general disinfectants (they have a narrow antibacterial spectrum).
  • Inactivated by proteins, soap and anionic detergents.
Activity of Different Types of DisinfectantsToxicity AgainstDisinfectantPhenolic CompoundsHypochloritesAlcoholsFormaldehydeGlutaralIodophors

What are the steps are involved in the formation of life on earth include ideas about chemical evolution and biological evolution?

The formation of life on earth has little to do with evolutionary sciences, which deal how lifechanges, not how it begins. The formation of life has as little to do, specifically, with evolution as it does with cell theory, or biogeography, or diet of organisms, or photosynthesis... it's a prerequisite for these processes.

What are the foods that cotain substances needed for building body cells?

Foods containing proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins (such as vitamin C and vitamin D), and minerals (like iron and calcium) are crucial for building body cells. Foods like lean meats, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products provide these important nutrients for cell growth and repair.

What is the difference between physical and chemical weathering change?

Physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition, such as through freeze-thaw cycles or abrasion. Chemical weathering, on the other hand, alters the chemical composition of rocks through processes like oxidation or hydration, leading to the formation of new minerals.

Does catching hole size matter on rain gauge?

Yes, catching hole size does matter in a rain guage.

You are measuring rain depth, so you collect it in the guage. The rate of collection is proportional to the area of the hole. If the area of the hole were the same as the cross sectional area of the measuring tube, then the level of rain in the tube would be the same as the level of rain outside. If the area of the hole were larger than the cross sectional area of the tube, then the level of rain in the tube would increase faster than the level of rain outside. This can be used to increase the sensitivity of the guage.

Which type of contour symbols connect 2 cities with the same elevation?

Contour symbols known as contour lines connect two cities with the same elevation. These lines indicate points on a map that share the same height above sea level.

How do human activities affect the earth's atmosphere?

Humans are affecting the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) and deforestation (cutting down trees which used to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere). We release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and tetrafluoromethane that are gradually increasing the temperature of the planet. This is causing global warming and climate change.

Human activities released more carbon dioxide that contribute to greenhouse effect. The more carbon dioxide presence in the atmosphere, the more sunlights are captured, thus making thee EArth warmer . Humans are emitting extra extra carbon dioxide into the air and cutting down trees that absorb carbon dioxide and emit oxygen. Plants do photosynthesis to create oxygen, as a result human have less oxygen to breath. Cutting tree down also affect bird and other animal live on tree.

So basically the earth had a stable climate right up until the industrial revolution. It means that's more industries are opened all over the world to create goods for human. The more machines uses, the more carbon dioxide are released. More wastes are generate and this increases land fill and some are released into the ocean. This may take a long time depend on the material for it to be destroy to be destroy. Though unfortunately this wasn't realized until recent times. Scientists are working on ways to help protect the environment but they still have a long way to go.

By polluting the earth we can damage its atmosphere because when we pollute we are really spreading more and more dangerous fuels and gases into the air which can affect animal and plant environments.

What happened to the mongo seeds?

When mongo seeds, also called mung beans, germinate, they become bean sprouts, which are edible. Various parts of the mung plant are used in South Asian and East Asian cuisine.

Which staement about lines of latitude is true?

Lines of latitude run east-west and measure the distance north or south from the Equator. They are also known as parallels.

Do all leaves extracts contain the same pigments?

Yes, all leaves contain the same pigments but they contain it at different concentrations. Like in the summer all leaves are green (they all contain chlorophyll) and in the autumn, almost all leaves turn brown, orange, or yellow (contain carotenes, lutein, or xanthophylls). These are only seen when the chlorophyll breaks down like in the autumn, but they are not seen when the chlorophyll comes back like in the spring and summer.

What are three things that are happening at plate boundaries?

Three things occur where lithospheric plates meet and a name has been given to each type of interface:

1) Divergent Boundaries occur in the ocean where magma from deep within the mantel rises to the rifts along oceanic ridges. The force of the rising lava flow pushes both plates away from the rift. once the lava cools, a new layer of oceanic crust is deposited along the ridge.

2) Convergent Boundaries occur at the deep ocean trenches that lie along continents and island arcs. The plate lithosphere subducts underneath the overlying oceanic or continental crust. This subduction occurs for two reasons: One, because the divergent side of the plate is being pushed by magma upwellings. And two, because the plate is being pulled downward by gravity at the interface of the deep ocean trench. If plate subduction did not occur at convergent plate boundaries than the surface area of earth would gradually increase over time as new strips of oceanic crust are solidified at divergent boundaries.

3) Transform Boundaries occur where two lithospheric plates move past each other with anti-parrallel paths. These boundaries can be found running perpendicular to oceanic ridges (divergent boundaries) in short segments.

Take a look at Google Maps or Google Earth and find the ridge system that runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean like the seam of a baseball. This "seam" is a Divergent boundary and volcanism occurs regularly as lava flows create new crust. You can also see the transform boundaries that run roughly perpendicular to the Mid-Atlantic ridge. If you now move all the way to the edge of japan that faces the pacific ocean you can see a convergent boundary. Notice the deep ocean trench where the Pacific plate is subducting underneath the Philippine and Eurasian plates.

What will happen if you soak a pad of steel wool in vinegar rinse it and then seal it in a plastic bag for several days?

The vinegar will react with the steel wool, causing it to rust. Sealing it in a plastic bag will prevent the moisture from evaporating, which can accelerate the rusting process. After several days, the steel wool will likely be completely rusted.

What is changing state?

A change of phase, from solid to liquid, or liquid to gas, or gas to liquid, etc., is also sometimes called a change of state.

Is there an experiment that can show bacteria?

Yes, you can conduct a simple experiment using agar plates to show the presence of bacteria. You can swab a surface or sample, streak it onto an agar plate, incubate it for a few days, and observe the growth of bacterial colonies. This will demonstrate the presence of bacteria through visible growth on the agar plate.

What is a chemical reaction and how are reactants and products involved?

A chemical reaction is a change in which one kind of matter changes into a different kind of matter with different properties. Reactant is a substance used in a chemical reaction and a product is a substance made in a chemical reaction.

Hope this is helpful! ;)

The water in the beaker gets its heat energy from the?

heat source below it, such as a Bunsen burner or hot plate. Heat is transferred from the heat source to the water through conduction, causing the water to absorb the heat energy and increase in temperature.

Which provides the best material for water purification?

Activated carbon is considered one of the best materials for water purification as it can effectively remove impurities, contaminants, and odors from water. It works by adsorbing pollutants onto its surface, resulting in cleaner and safer drinking water. Additionally, materials such as ceramic filters and reverse osmosis membranes are also commonly used for water purification.

What kind of rocks can diamonds scratch?

Diamonds can scratch all types of rocks, as they are the hardest natural substance on Earth. This means that diamonds can scratch minerals like quartz, calcite, and feldspar, as well as softer rocks like limestone and shale.