Social Sciences

A model is a simplified representation of a system or phenomenon, often used for prediction or explanation. Whereas a theory is a well-supported explanation for a broad range of phenomena, based on thorough evidence and tested hypotheses. Models are often used within theories to help illustrate or test specific aspects of the theory.

The antonym for anal retentive is "laid-back" or "easy-going."

10 millimeters is equivalent to 1 centimeter.

Natural philosophers study the natural world through observation and sometimes experimentation to understand its underlying principles and phenomena. They aim to explain natural phenomena using reason and logic rather than religious or supernatural explanations.

Men of Athens were involved in a lot of civic duties-juries-government. They were prepared for both peace and war. They were soldiers but they didn't have to leave their homes at the age of seven to attend military schools unlike the spartan men.

Athenians also were lazy but luxery however children in Sparta at a young age trained to become a soldier. Athens had a bigger population compared to Sparta

The philosophical treatise, "Discourse on Method", was written by Rene Descartes, a French philosopher and scientist. Published in the mid-17th century, it is the source of the famous phrase, "I think, therefore I am".

Sophists were ancient Greek philosophers and rhetoricians who emphasized the art of persuasion and argumentation over seeking truth. They were skilled in the use of language and debating techniques to win arguments, often for their own benefit rather than to promote genuine understanding.

The Greeks sank half the Persian fleet off the small island of Salamis during the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC as part of the Greco-Persian Wars. This naval battle was a significant turning point in the conflict, leading to Greek victory and the eventual defeat of the Persian invasion.

Studying philosophers helps us develop critical thinking skills, gain a deeper understanding of the world around us, and reflect on fundamental questions about existence, ethics, and knowledge. Philosophers offer unique perspectives and insights that can enrich our intellectual and personal growth.

The stroop effect shows that when two parts of the brain are given conflicting signals, it is extremely hard to figure out what is happening.

Example: The word RED is written on a piece of paper, but it's written with BLUE ink. The person you are testing on has to say the color that it's written in, in this case, BLUE. Try it, it's harder than you think.

Social identity is how your peers avaliate your skills, your behaviour, character, and other personal characteristics in your community, and how you interact with the other people. The result of such social identification is very important to evaluate you as a citizen.

The field that studies the efficiency and comfort level of people in the workplace is known as ergonomics. Ergonomics focuses on designing equipment and systems that fit and support the capabilities and limitations of individuals to enhance efficiency, productivity, and overall well-being in the work environment.

There are three main social sciences: anthropology, pyschology and sociology. Simply put, anthropology is the study of the entire race, sociology is the study of groups and psychology is the study of the individual.

Operationalisation is the process of defining concepts or variables in measurable terms so they can be observed and analyzed in research. It involves turning abstract ideas into specific, quantifiable measures that can be used to study and test hypotheses.

The freedom of thought is important because all people have a right to what they believe; there should never be a delegate to what someone thinks. Without the freedom of thought there would be so much controversy, people restricting others from thinking something and forcing them to think the way they do essentially because they may be a higher power. Though the freedom of thought is not specifically in the amendments, it may be in the law of a state's, and if it is in neither, the freedom of expressed does immense covering within the freedom of thought and it's generic rights.

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An unconditioned behavior is one that has not been reinforced, positively or negatively, by an outside source. For instance, an unconditioned behavior is one that occurs because it exists naturally, i.e a baby crying because it is hungry. It will not continue as a true behavior if it is not reinforced. Reinforcement can occur either negatively (you get hurt for doing it, for instance) or positively (something that feels good). Either way, an unconditioned behavior will only continue (and becomes a conditioned behavior) if it creates some kind of response. Here's an example: A child cries because s/he fell and skinned his/her knee. The parent ignores the cries of the child. The other parent oohs and aahs over the kid. Over time, if the cries get no response, the child will not cry when s/he falls and skins his/her knees. If there is a response from the parent, the child will continue to cry about minor injuries.

1. Forces of Nature

A. Heredity - Genetics determine sex, race, hair and eye color, physical growth. stature, and to some extent psychological uniqueness.

B. Temperament - Temperament is a characteristic psychological mood with which the child is born and includes behavioral styles of easy, slow-to-warm, and difficult. It influences interactions between the individual and their environment.

2. External Forces

A. Family - The purpose of family is protection and nurturing of its members. Functions of family include: means for survival, security, assistance with emotional and social development, assistance with maintenance of relationships, instruction about society and world, assistance in learning roles and behaviors. Family influences through its values, behaviors,beliefs, customs. and specific patterns of interaction and communication.

Ordinal position (e.g. first child, middle child) and gender influence individual's interaction and communication in family.

B. Peer groups - Peer groups provide new and different learning environment. They provide different patterns and structures of interaction and communication that require different style of behavior. Functions of peer group include allowing individual to learn about success and failure; to validate and challenge thoughts, feelings, and concepts; to receive acceptance, support, and rejection as unique persons apart from family; and to achieve group purposes by meeting demands, pressures, and expectations.

C. Life experiences - Life experiences and learning processes allow individual to develop by applying what has been learned to what needs to be learned. Learning process involves series of steps; recognition of need to know task; mastery of skills required to perform task; expertise in performing task, which expands capabilities; integration into whole functioning; and use of accumulated skills and experiences to develop repertoire of effective behavior.

D. Health environment - Level of health affects individual's responsiveness to environment and responsiveness of others to the individual.

E. Prenatal health - Preconception (e.g. genetic and chromosomal factors, maternal age, health) and postconception (e.g. nutrition, weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use, medical problems, and use of prenatal services) factors affect fetal growth and development.

F. Nutrition - Growth is regulated by dietary factors. Adequacy of nutrients influences whether and how physiological needs, as well as subsequent growth and development needs, are met.

G. Rest, sleep and exercise - Balance between rest or sleep and exercise is essential to rejuvenating the body. Disturbances diminish growth, whereas balance reinforces physiological and psychological health.

H. State of health - Illness and injury have the potential to hinder growth and development. Nature and duration of health problem influences its impact. Prolonged injury or illness may cause inability to cope and respond to demands and tasks of developmental stages.

I. Living environment - Factors affecting growth and development include season, climate, home life, and socioeconomic status.

Violent means are considered backward and regressive because they often rely on force and aggression to achieve goals, instead of peaceful and constructive methods. This can hinder progress and perpetuate cycles of conflict and harm. Additionally, resorting to violence can contradict values of peace, equality, and justice, as it can lead to more harm than good in the long run.

A protective factor increases the likelihood of positive outcomes or resilience in the face of risk or adversity. It helps buffer individuals from the negative effects of stress, trauma, or other challenges they may encounter.

Harriet Martineau is considered important in the origin of sociology because she was one of the earliest sociologists who applied systematic observation and analysis to social issues. She made significant contributions to the field through her writings on social theory, political economy, and gender equality, paving the way for future sociologists to study society in a more structured and scientific manner. Additionally, Martineau's emphasis on social justice and advocacy for marginalized groups helped expand the scope of sociological inquiry.

The Iroquois were placed in their mother's clan, which determined their social status, role within the community, and inheritance patterns. The clan system was matrilineal, meaning descent was traced through the mother's line.

Humanities and social sciences encompass the study of human society and culture. They include disciplines such as history, psychology, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and political science, which explore various aspects of human behavior, beliefs, institutions, and interactions. These fields provide insights into the complexities of human experience and help us understand the world around us.

Yes, being unselfish is considered a civic virtue because it involves prioritizing the well-being of the community over personal interests. Acts of unselfishness, such as volunteering and helping others, contribute to a sense of collective responsibility and cooperation within society.

Five disciplines of social sciences include sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and political science.