Vaccinations

The first vaccine was for smallpox created by Edward Jenner. He noticed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox didn't get smallpox. He devised the idea of intentionally exposing someone to cowpox and then smallpox to see if, in fact, the person would not get sick. Jenner coined the term "vaccination" because vacca is the Latin root meaning cow in his publication of his results in a medical journal in 1798.

However, Lady Mary Montagu published information about smallpox inoculation link prior to Jenner, noting that it was practiced in the Orient. At the same time, Cotton Mather was demonstrating the use of inoculation to prevent smallpox in America.

Inoculation is not quite the same thing as vaccination. Inoculation uses the live disease while vaccination used a similar but weakened variation of the disease.

Later Louis Pasteur, a more well known French pioneer in microbiology in the 19th Century, invented the first rabies vaccination using the information and trials of the scientists who preceded him.

On May 14, 1796 ---- Jenner learned of the connection between smallpox and the related cowpox--milkmaids could get cowpox from cows, but they would recover quickly. But the big thing was that those who had once gotten cowpox managed to escape the symptoms of smallpox even when it spread through their communities. Other doctors and scientists had noticed this as well, but Jenner was among the first to actively pursue the connection. Through various tests, he proved that exposure to the cowpox virus caused one's body to become immune to smallpox. He published his findings, and they quickly attracted attention and verification.

His ideas were not accepted by everyone. Some of the medical profession refused to accept his results. There were problems and mistakes. Sometimes the vaccination was not done correctly. Sometimes the hospital mixed smallpox fluid with cowpox fluid. No one would publish his work. He did not have enough data to support his claims. Jenner had to pay for this to be done. Some even believed that they might turn into cows.

• louis pasteur

As of now, there is no widely available vaccine for AIDS. However, ongoing research is being conducted to develop an effective vaccine to prevent HIV infection.

See this http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/kenya.aspx

Advantages:

- practical orientation

- can reveal whether policies work/do not work

- explains underlying logic behind the programme

- it can improve programme effectiveness

Disadvantages:

- conflicts of interests among stakeholders

- costs of evaluation: it diverts resources from the programme

- apart from possessing research skills, researcher has to play different roles: collaborator, trainer, group facilitator etc. in order to smooth conflicts of interest

- it is difficult to generalize based on evaluation results

First, you should probably write a question about what you want to know. I have an idea. Maybe you could buy a few fish and study them (eating habits, growing, etc.), then write out a poster telling the results of your question.

It might feel like a little pinch then a little throbbing, but not too much. It usually hurts only a bit more than a mosquito bite, but less than a bee sting when the needle goes in.

Since you put this question in the topic category of H1N1/09, you are possibly asking if a flu shot will make your arm hurt, and the answer is yes, it can. Most people have a slight local reaction to the vaccination, and if you get it in your arm, it can be very sore to the touch and also hurt when you use your arm.

The best thing to help it get better faster is to move your arm by using it as usual. Some people ask specifically to have the shot put in their dominate arm (right handed or left handed) to "make" themselves have to use it, even when it hurts, because they know that will make it better faster. It should be better in a matter of just a few days, unless you aren't using it much, so if it hurts longer than a week, you should check with your health care provider to be sure there is not a local infection from the needle or other unusual side effect.

The theory behind the vaccine is that it is made up of weakened viruses but that form antibodies, which in turn build up the immune system that will fight the introduction of any pathogen the vaccine is intended to prevent.

i don't know that's why i was askin someone on this site

After taking the GCB vaccine it has been common to show positive in a TB testing , most Middle eastern people have taken this shot, there is a confusion some times in the USA over this issue,

1. It was known that people that had recovered from Smallpox could not get it again.
2. Various doctors attempted to use ground up Smallpox pustules to give other people this same immunity. However too many got full blown Smallpox and died.
3. Edward Jenner observed that Milkmaids did not get Smallpox and that cows got a mild disease called Cowpox similar to Smallpox.
4. Jenner tried ground up Cowpox pustules on people and proved they were now immune to Smallpox.

When you are getting the shot it just feels like a normal shot, it pinches a bit but it's fine. The shot doesn't hurt that much after you get it, it is just mostly sore. This could depend on how sensative your skin is though too. But on a scale of 1 to 10 on pain I would only give it a 4. You'll be fine, just don't think about it. :)

You can get seasonal flu shots from a Pharmacist at a drug store without a physician's prescription in the US. The vaccine is not available in quantity to individuals over the counter.

There is no vaccine yet for the 2009 Swine Flu (Influenza A, Novel H1N1) available. The drug manufacturers who usually make vaccines now have some of the virus sent to them by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and have begun the process of developing vaccines for this strain of the virus. They anticipate having this available for use in the US by the next seasonal flu season. It may also be available for use in the Southern Hemisphere during their flu season this summer. The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) will be working with the manufacturers to approve the safety and efficacy of the vaccines once developed and put into human trials.

Hey there!

Louis Pasteur was the first person to make a vaccine against anthrax,

😄

less than 1400 came to nz in 2008 less than 1400 came to nz in 2008

It is only a problem for adults who get two doses because they may have paid for the second vaccine when they didn't need it. There are no ill-effects on the adult body if a second dose is received in one season.

for plato users is B answer is Edward Jenner hope this one helps out mis amigos

Not exactly, but it does have a role in production of flu vaccines. The viruses that are used to make a flu vaccine are grown in a laboratory in a growth medium that is made from chicken egg protein (including albumin from the egg whites). Once the viruses are fully developed and extracted to use in making the vaccines, there are only negligible amounts of minute traces of the egg protein that are not fully extracted by the purification processes of manufacturing.

For this reason, people who are allergic to chicken or chicken eggs are advised to wait after a flu vaccination to be monitored for any potential allergic responses. These are very rare and, with treatment as soon as the first signs of allergic reaction are evident, often today anaphylactic reactions can be prevented. See the related question in the related question section for more detail about egg allergies and flu vaccinations.

Check to see if there are any vaccinations you need to get before going. Some countries require them, and some don't, so it's always best to check with you local health department in plenty of time before your scheduled trip. You can also receive any required vaccinations there, too.

Since it would be extremely impractical to bring enough bottled water with you, you should bring water purification tablets, or drink only commercially bottled water purchased in Mexico. Distilled water would actually be much safer than spring or mineral water, since it is pure, sterile water.

You should also have a list of all medical conditions you have, as well as a list of all medications you take. Be sure to bring enough prescription medications to last a few days longer than you plan to stay, since there are often unforseen problems that can delay your return trip home. Just be sure to have your medications in the original prescription bottles, especially any that are narcotics. Otherwise, you could be charged with illegal possession of a controlled substance.

Be sure to also have a list of all your doctors' names, office addresses, and phone numbers in case of a medical emergency. The attending physician in Mexico may need to consult with your regular physician, and if you were unconscious or unable to provide them with that information, they would still be able to contact your doctors. You should also have a list of emergency contact names and numbers with you at all times so your family can be contacted if necessary. This includes both the name(s) and number(s) of anyone traveling with you and the name of the hotel where you are staying, as well as those at home.

Patients of all ages get the same 0.5 ml dose of chickenpox vaccine. If your child got a different dose, follow up care (in particular, reinection) will depend on if the dose was too high or too low. Find out what dose your child received, then call your local Department of Health vaccination department or your health care provider for advice specific to your situation.

Yes