Vaccinations

When the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is administered intramuscularly, it stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against these three viral infections. This method of delivery is effective in generating a robust immune response, providing protection against measles, mumps, and rubella. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and administration guidelines to ensure optimal efficacy and safety. Adverse reactions are typically mild and may include soreness at the injection site, fever, or rash.

In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that children receive multiple doses of the whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine as part of the routine childhood vaccination schedule. This includes the DTaP vaccine for infants and young children, and the Tdap vaccine for older children and adolescents. Vaccination coverage rates may vary by region and population.

yes it is best to give the dogs there shots so it will prevent any long term problems. in most cases you should refer to a vet and get there advice.

One vaccination Of MMR last for a lifetime.

One vaccination for most does last a lifetime, however this is not always the case.

People born in the late 60's early 70's needed a second in their late teens early 20's. There were outbreaks and those who get measles had received a shot when they were children but they did not get enough of the vaccine.

Also there are some people who do even after the shot still have no titer. A titer shows immunity or proof one has had an illness. The blood of those who cannot hold an immunity in some way cleans it out because it shows they never had the shot in the first place and only records from a doctor will show they actually had the shot.

The local tenderness and sometimes redness, swelling, and hardness in the area where a flu vaccine has been given is the most common side effect of the injection. It is the local muscle tissue noticing and reacting to the "foreign invaders" in the vaccine (the virus particles in the vaccine). Although the invaders can't make you sick, they trick your body into thinking they can, so your body goes to work trying to increase circulation to the area and sending the immune system cells that fight viruses to the area. That response can make your arm sore. It can last for 2 to 3 days, and sometimes it is even worse the second day. Don't try to avoid moving the arm, using it will help it get better faster, so work through the discomfort and use it normally as much as you can. You may find it helps to put a moist warm compress (washcloth or something similar) on the area that hurts for 20 minutes and see if it makes it feel better.

Once

Vaccinations are crucial even in areas where a virus is not currently found because they help establish herd immunity, reducing the likelihood of outbreaks. They also protect individuals from potential exposure to imported cases, as viruses can travel and spread rapidly. Additionally, vaccinations contribute to the overall health of communities by preventing the resurgence of diseases that could have severe health impacts. Ultimately, maintaining high vaccination coverage is essential for global health security.

is there any overdosage for oral polio vaccines

Yes, it is recommended that you should as soon as it is made available to your risk group. You should get the flu shot that has inactivated virus particles instead of the nasal vaccine that contains live attenuated virus in it, however. People with Crohn's disease are more susceptible to the virus due to their immunocompromised state and medications they may be taking for the Crohn's. Being vaccinated is especially important for you. But, because of the disease and medications, there may also be a diminished immune response to the vaccine which could leave you without full immunity even after getting the vaccination. For that reason, you should continue to practice all recommended precautions (such as handwashing, avoiding exposure, etc.) even after receiving a vaccination.

There are 2 types of vaccines:

(1) Live ("attenuated", or bred to be harmless)

(2) Killed (dead disease-causing particles)

Live vaccines can be more effective, don't usually need 'booster' shots later to make them work better, but are less able to be given to immunocompromised or pregnant people as they are still alive.

Killed vaccines are less effective, often requiring boosters, but can be given to immunocompromised people and (often) pregnant ladies. They are used with an "adjuvant", or a substance that helps them work better (makes your body more able to make antibodies to them faster).

Both types of vaccines have 'epitopes', or molecules that your body recognises. These epitopes are the SAME as what is on the actual disease-causing particles. This is why they work - your body sees the "HARMLESS" particles and learns to recognise them, or creates "antibodies" that help your body respond to the actual thing when it appears.

It takes time to create these antibodies, so if you can make them BEFORE the actual disease finds its way into your body, you can respond much faster and destroy the virus particles before they can cause you harm.

The type of vaccine depends on what has been developed. There are benefits of both ways, but it is not always easy to do both.

Side note: occasionally, you will hear about how "vaccines are horrible, and cause more harm than good". Most of the time, people use multi-resistant organisms as examples, however, these organisms become resistant to ANTIBIOTICS, and NOT vaccines! Having antibodies is natural, unlike many antibiotics! They are NOT comparable! Antibodies are a post-infection method of disease control, whereas vaccines prevent the disease from establishing. Thus, vaccines have in the past been used rather successfully to rid the world of several diseases! (Which we can ALL be extremely grateful for!!!!!)

Another poorly-used example was that of the smallpox vaccine causing many deaths. Reasons why this example is tragically misused is that it was the first-ever attempt at vaccination in recorded history (we no longer live in such an age where we must rely on random human-testing of live NON-attenuated pathogen injection!). Smallpox protection included injecting pus from the lesions of an infected person (or another vaccinated person) to create antibodies.

Case in point: we no longer inject pus into people... it's a good way to spread other infections, and is less reliable in results. We no longer live in the 'dark ages' of immunology. The first attempts at reaching space failed badly, and yet nobody seems to be boycotting space travel now that science and technology has improved, so please be open-minded if anyone ever tells you that in vaccines, in general, are "bad". Okay? :)

of course not

Vaccinations were discovered in the late 1700's when Dr. Edward Jenner realized that milk-maids exposed to cow-pox (similar to smallpox with no ill effects on humans) did not contract smallpox like everyone else. All vaccine's work on the same principle. They use a different strain of a virus that is similar to the one the patient needs to be innoculated to, but a much weaker or slightly different strain that our immune systems can easily defeat. Whenever the immune system encounters and defeats an outside invader, the body stores that information (in a crude sense) and remembers how to fight that virus.

The website for the centers for disease control and prevention has information about the smallpox vaccine. It will inform you what smallpox is, what are the symptoms, and why you should get the vaccine.

a suitable strain of corynebacterium diphtheriae is grown on a liquid medium and incubated at 37 C for 7-10 days. After period sufficient concentration of phenol is added to ensure sterilty then it is filtered through a bacteria proof filter. The strerile filtrate is diphtheria toxin with 0.4 percenet formaldehyde solution and incubated at 37 C for 3-4 weeks. The resulting product is diphtheria toxoid or formal toxoid.

Yes, vaccines are usually kept in a fridge so as not to have the contents damaged by heat. COVID-19 vaccines are extremely sensitive to heat (particularly the ones made by Pfizer) so they should be kept in extremely low temperatures.

Tetanus shots protect against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

Taking varicella immunoglobulin can prevent chickenpox or reduce the risk of serious disease. These treatments are reserved for those at risk for serious complications from chickenpox.