Viruses (biological)

Hershey and Chase knew that the particular phage they worked with has two basic components: DNA on the inside, coated with protein on the outside. In their expt theylabelled phages with radioisotopes . For one batch of infecting phages, they used a radioactive isotope of sulfur to label only the phages' protein coats.In another batch of phages, they used a radioactive isotope of phosphorus to label only DNA. Next, they allowed each batch of phages to infect separate cultures of nonradioactive bacterial cells. They then whirled each culture in a blender to shake loose any parts of the phages that remained outside the bacterial cells. Result of expt. confirmed that only DNA of phage entered bacteria .

Yes, viruses that normally form envelopes through budding would still be infectious if prevented from budding. Envelopes are important for entry into host cells, but not essential for viral infectivity as the viral genetic material inside the envelope can still be released into host cells, causing infection.

Virus penetrates its genetic material into the host. The genome is then inserted randomly on a point of the host genome. Since it is an random event, it can block a pathway of that particular or cause any mutation due to the insertion of viral genome.

A virus is a tiny bundle of genetic material - either DNA or RNA - carried in a shell called a viral coat, or capsid, which is made up of protein. Some viruses have an additional layer around this coat called an envelope. When a virus particle enters a cell and begins to reproduce itself, this is called a viral infection. The virus is usually very, very small compared to the size of a living cell. The information carried in the virus's DNA allows it to take over the operation of the cell, converting it to a factory to make more copies of itself. For example, the polio virus can make over one million copies of itself inside a single, infected human intestinal cell.

The Avian "Bird" flu is passed to humans by birds and their saliva and feces. Other forms of influenza that humans can get are also mutations of viruses that birds have had, some are from pigs (like swine flu) and many are from a combination of various swine, human, other, and bird flu strains that "reassort" in a host animal. For more information about how a new strain of the flu can be created through reassortant, see the related question below about what caused the 2009 Swine flu.

HIV is a retrovirus, which carries two copies of RNA as its genetic material to increase the chances of successful infection and replication. By having two copies, the virus can mutate more easily and evade the host immune system, increasing its chances of survival and transmission. Having two copies also serves as a backup in case one of the strands is damaged during replication.

Yes they can stay dorman for a while and active again. In some bacteriaphages there is a replicaiton cycle exist called lysogenic cycle where the phage DNA kept dormant in host. but this can change when a stimuli triggers them, it enters to lytic cycle and kill the host.

A virus enters a cell by recognizing specific proteins or receptors on the surface of the target cell that it can bind to. These proteins or receptors are like a lock and key mechanism that allows the virus to gain entry into the cell. Once attached, the virus can then inject its genetic material into the cell to begin the infection process.

The nucleic acid of a virus is stored in its viral capsid or envelope. The capsid or envelope protects the genetic material of the virus and helps it enter host cells to replicate.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that affects infants under the age of one and is characterized by unexplained death during sleep. SIDS is not caused by bacteria or viruses, but rather has unknown causes.

No, fog is not a virus. Fog is a weather phenomenon that occurs when the air near the ground cools, causing water vapor to condense into tiny water droplets that form a thick cloud near the earth's surface.

Viruses survive and thrive by infecting host cells and using their cellular machinery to replicate and produce more virus particles. They can evade the host's immune response through various mechanisms, such as mutating quickly to avoid recognition. Some viruses may also establish long-term or latent infections within the host to persist and spread to new hosts.

The virus attaches itself to a living cell, Human or another microbe. It then sends in its genetic codes and forces the cell to reproduce more of that code. Eventually the other cells are full of viruses and pop sending more viruses everywhere to then redo the process. It then causes diseases such as aids or chicken pox

Many, if not most biologists do not consider viruses living. So, they are not on any phylogenetic tree that I know of. They may have a phylogeny that I am unaware of, though.

The SARS virus is approximately 100-160 nanometers in size.

The nucleic acid of a virus is covered by a protein capsid.

A hidden virus is a type of malicious software that operates covertly on a system, often without the user's knowledge. It can perform various harmful actions such as stealing sensitive information, corrupting files, or disrupting system operations. Its primary goal is to evade detection by security programs and persist on the infected device for as long as possible.

No, HIV is not a eukaryote. It is a type of virus called a retrovirus that infects and replicates within human cells. Unlike eukaryotes, viruses like HIV lack cellular structure and cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own.

When a virus invades a living cell, it uses the cell's machinery to replicate itself. The virus takes over the cell's functions by hijacking its cellular processes, such as protein synthesis and replication, to produce more viruses. This ultimately leads to the destruction of the host cell.

Sunlight does not directly provide energy or nutrients to a virus. Viruses are not considered living organisms and do not undergo metabolic processes like photosynthesis. They rely on host cells for replication and survival.

Measles virus is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and does not have a cell wall structure that can be stained with the Gram stain. Instead, measles virus particles can be visualized using specialized staining techniques such as immunofluorescence or electron microscopy.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by attacking the immune system, specifically CD4 cells. This makes the body more susceptible to infections and other illnesses.

1. Attachment: HIV binds to the CD4 receptor on the host cell.
2. Fusion: The viral membrane fuses with the host cell membrane.
3. Reverse transcription: Viral RNA is reverse-transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase.
4. Integration: The viral DNA is integrated into the host cell's genome.
5. Transcription and translation: Viral genes are transcribed and translated to produce new viral proteins.
6. Assembly: New viral particles are assembled.
7. Budding: Mature HIV particles bud off from the host cell.

The lytic cycle is a process that viruses use to replicate within a host cell. It is not a characteristic of bacteria.