How is HIV different from other virus pathogens?
HIV targets the immune system's CD4 cells, which are crucial for fighting off infections, leading to a weakened immune system over time. Additionally, HIV can integrate its genetic material into the host cell's DNA, making it difficult to eradicate from the body. These characteristics make HIV unique compared to other viruses.
Name 2 ways a virus can spread among humans?
Viruses are not living pathogens, they are "organisms" with the ability to duplicate themselves ~ but only if they have a living host to provide the energy and materials for the duplication process. Different viruses use different hosts and most of the time they don't cross over species for hosts, but some do. The H1N1/09 virus was able to mutate from a strain that pigs got to a strain more targeted toward people. Other viruses use plants and other animals for hosts.
The short explanation of how this happens is:
See the related questions below about the lytic cycle of viruses.
Does a virus need a crystal or a host to reproduce?
A virus does not need a crystal to reproduce, as they are not living organisms and do not have cellular machinery to perform reproduction. However, a virus does need a host cell to replicate and produce new virus particles.
What happens if you use gram stain on a virus?
Most likely nothing. The gram stain will only stain the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria. Most viruses have a protein coat called a capsid. The capsid will not take up either the crystal violet or the safranin of a Gram stain.
How does a virus recognize its host cell?
Confusing question. Essentially, one way your body recognizes viruses by the antibodies it left behind the last time you were infected. Another is the sheer presence of something "different."
Antibodies (immunoglobulin) are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by plasma cells, and which have millions of variable. At each tip of the "Y" is an antigen binding site (paratope), in essence a lock. When your body comes into contact with a foreign pathogen or substance, the antibodies (epitopes) of the invader trigger the immune system to produce antibodies. the antibodies with paratopes that correspond to the epitopes of the invader are attached, and the invader is neutralized or killed.
The problem occurs when your body does notrecognize a virus or some other invader. At these times your body has no or reduced defense against the pathogen, and in serious cases (bubonic and pneumonic plagues, dengue and hemorrhagic fevers, ebola, haunta, super flues such as H1N1 or Swine flu, and SARS) the immune system cannot fight it and becomes overrun.
Any invasion of the body by a foreign substance or pathogen automatically triggers an immune response. In very simple terms, the body produces what are called cytokines. Cytokine are cell-signalling proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins and are molecules that message the presence of any substance or pathogen they see as an invader. Cytokines are one of the first steps in the innate immune system, and can trigger the production of other cells, biochemicals, hormones, and other immunological responses that attack and work to remove the threat. How they mark and target invaders and initiate production of the various types of immunological response is still not very well known.
How is an animal cell similar to a virus?
It would be very hard to find many things similar to both, as both are very much different. But some technically correct answers would be:
* Both are composed of proteins * Both can reproduce copies of its genes * Both have the letter 'i' But all these answers are very broad and meaningless. Biologists prefer to find differences between the two rather than clumping them into similarities.
What was the purpose of examining the original pGLO solution with and without UV illumination?
The purpose of examining the original pGLO solution with UV illumination was to detect bacteria. The purpose of examining the original pGLO solution without UV illumination was to detect the possibility that DNA cells existed.
A polymorphic virus is an advanced type of computer virus. It is similar to an encrypted virus in that it consists of an encrypted copy of the virus and a small decrypting module but every time a polymorphic virus infects a file it encrypts itself differently and rewrites the decrypting module. A well written polymorphic virus therefore has no parts that remain the same between infections making it hard for anti-virus software to detect using virus signatures.
How does a virus differ from a toxin?
A virus is a microorganism that can infect living cells and reproduce within them, leading to illness; whereas a toxin is a harmful substance produced by living organisms, which can cause harm to cells and tissues when ingested or absorbed. Viruses require host cells to replicate, while toxins can be produced by various organisms independently.
Is measles a DNA virus or RNA virus?
Measles is a very infectious illness caused by a virus - a viral infection caused by the rubeola virus. It is an endemic disease; meaning it is continually present in a community and many people develop resistance.
Does a virus need a host cell?
Yes, they implant their DNA into a cell. The DNA tells the cell to replicate the virus inside itself. When the cell is full of the virus, it explodes, releasing viruses all around the targeted area.
What does a virus ultimately do to the host cell?
Viruses hijack the host cell's machinery to replicate their own genetic material, produce new virus particles, and eventually cause the host cell to burst, releasing the new viruses to infect other cells. This process ultimately leads to cell death and can cause harm to the larger organism.
How does a virus get inside the cells it attacks?
The virus has proteins on its outer shell (capsid) that bind to the living host cell. Once the virus has attached to the cell, it enters the cell or inserts its DNA/RNA into the cell. When inside, the DNA/RNA instructs the cell to use the cell's resources to create more viruses. Viruses are not living, and do not have their own resources for creating new duplicates of themselves, which is why they must invade a living host's cells to replicate. After a while, when the host cell can no longer contain the amount of newly created viruses inside of it, the other protein that the virus carried on its capsid causes the cell to burst which releases the new viruses to go and attach to other cells in the host or perhaps to another host by contamination from the original host.
Is smallpox a DNA virus or an RNA virus?
Smallpox contains DNA
Smallpox is a virus, and therefore, can only have RNA or DNA. In the case of smallpox, it contains DNA. Viruses require a host to supply them with either RNA or DNA in order that more virus entities can be made.
DNA
Is a virus a single celled organism?
No, a virus is not considered a single-celled organism. It is an infectious agent that requires a host cell to replicate and is much smaller and simpler in structure compared to single-celled organisms.
What kingdom is the common cold virus in?
The common cold virus, or rhinovirus, belongs to the kingdom Viruses. Viruses are not classified under any kingdom in traditional biological classification systems because they are considered acellular and do not fit the criteria for living organisms.
What are some human diseases that are caused by virus?
Some diseases caused by viruses are poliomyelitis, influenza, measles caused by rubeola virus, chikenguniya caused by chikanguniya virus, chickenpox caused by varicella zoster virus, AIDS caused by human immunodeficiency virus, and the common cold.
What is is the world's worst human virus?
In my opinion, it is Ebola virus. Ebola is highly contagious, and also a level 4 lethal virus classified by the government. It is so dangerous that military biologists must wear 3 layers of protection on every areas of their body, a spacesuit, gloves, and oxygen tank to even be able to handle it or be around it. Ebola affects a body and can kill someone within 48 hours. The first symptoms are a headache and backache, followed by muscle pain, redness of the eyes, jaundicing of the skin, and a lethargic feel and expression. Eventually, your skin will start to thin and your blood vessels will turn soft, causing them to break and blood to surface like a giant bruise. Your organs will begin to liquify, causing entire body failure. You will vomit uncontrollably, and it will be black and red, from the remnants of destroyed cells. Soon after that, your brain will fry and you will lose all personality functions. At the end, you crash and bleed out, spewing blood from every orphice of your body including the pores of your skin.
What particle is smaller than a virus?
A particle smaller than a virus is a prion. It can cause diseases and is a misfolded protein.
A particle smaller than atom is a subatomic particle, protons , neutrons, and , electrons, the smallest one is an electron, smaller than that are point particles and elementary particles, one elementary particle and point particle is a quark, up quarks down quarks the smallest single thing found so far is a GLUON, which is the force which binds/holds quarks together. Where the devil lives in anti matter there are also atoms and subatomic particles and point particles but just anti, anti- GLUON, anti-QUARK, anti-ATOM, anti-SUBATOMIC PARTICLE. There is something called the string theory, and super string theory that theorizes about bosonic/boson strings but it can not be provine yet, and I think a gluon is still alot smaller than a bosonic/boson string if they are true.
Size of a virus compared to a human cell?
A virus is much smaller than a human cell, typically ranging in size from 20 to 400 nanometers, while a human cell can range from 10 to 30 micrometers in size. This size difference is due to the simpler structure of a virus, which consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, compared to the complex organelles and structures found within a human cell.
No, they are classified as nonliving and most scientists agree with that designation. There has been an ongoing debate as to whether viruses are alive or not in the past, but it is currently the more accepted answer among virologists.
With the facts given below, see what you think:
All Living things:
-are composed of cells with a complex, organized structure
-actively maintain their complex structure and internal environment (homeostasis)
-respond to stimuli in their environment
-acquire and use materials and energy from their environment and convert them into new forms
-reproduce, using the molecular blueprint of DNA
-have the capacity to evolve
Viruses:
-are not made of cells and do not have cells
-cannot accomplish the basic tasks of living cells
-have no ribosomes to make protein
-have no cytoplasm
-cannot acquire energy or steal the host's energy*
-cannot grow or reproduce by themselves or with other viruses
-do not respond to stimuli
-cannot maintain a stable internal environment
-can evolve
*However, they do make use of the energy of the host in that they take over command of the host's cell into which the virus put the genetic material when it invaded. This makes the cell a "virus building factory" using the host energy and materials to do the work of viral replication. See the question about the lytic cycle in the related questions for more about how viruses reproduce.
How big is an individual virion of influenza virus?
Approximately 130 nanometers for average. Size varies by specific virus, however, and influenza viruses can range from 10 to 300 nanometers. The nanometer is equal to one billionth of a meter, or one millionth of a millimeter.
They are about 1/100th the size of bacteria. Most are "nano" size and too miniscule to be seen with a regular light microscope, so electron microscopes need to be used to visualize the virus particles.
Why is a virus not considered a living cell?
Basically because it does not have the things required to BE a cell, which is considered to be an organism. A virus is not considered an organism. The virus has a core of RNA or DNA which is surrounded by a protein coat. Unlike cells that can either go through mitosis or binary fission, viruses cannot replicate itself unless it is in a host cell.
Why is it easy for a virus to mutate?
Viruses mutate easily because they have a high mutation rate due to errors in their replication process. Additionally, viruses have short generation times which allows them to quickly accumulate mutations. Mutations can help viruses evade the immune system, adapt to new hosts or environments, and become more infectious.