Wars of the Roses

From a 1923 edition of “The Book of Knowledge, The Children’s Encyclopedia”, Volume III:

”The Wars That Began in a Rose Garden“

The Wars of the Roses were one long struggle between the princely Houses of York and Lancaster, both struggling for the crown of England. One day, in the Temple Gardens, in London, the heads of the rival Houses met. The Duke of York plucked a white rose, calling upon his followers to do the same. The Duke of Lancaster, boldly fronting him, plucked a red rose; and so the Wars of the Roses got their name.”

The Battle of Towton (south west of York) 29th March 1461 which was part of the Wars of the Roses. The battle was between the Yorkist Edward IV of England and the Lancastrian forces led by the Duke of Somerset Henry Beaufort. The numbers are estimated at around 36,000 on the Yorkist side and 42,000 on the Lancastrians which itself would make it a huge battle for the period. The most quoted number for losses is 28,000 (8,000 Yorkists and 20,000 Lancastrians) which if true would be 1% of the total population of England at the time, in today's population it would be the equivalent of 500,000 in a single day. The high number of casualties has been attributed to a number of factors including the confined space the battle was fought in and the orders not to give any quarter by both sides. Limited routes of retreat and bridges collapsing under the strain of the numbers left the retreating Lancastrians at the mercy of the Yorkists. The Lancastrians started the battle in a good position. A larger force holding the high ground with good fields of fire for the archers and protected on the right flank by a river. However the weather favoured the Yorkists blowing into the faces of the Lancastrians giving the Yorkist archers a longer range and when the snow started it blew straight into Somerset's forces faces blinding them. The Yorkist advanced several times loosing volleys of arrows into the enemy ranks carried by the wind before withdrawing. The Lancastrians misjudged the return distance and fired short without effect, the Yorkists gathering up the arrows as spare ammunition. Lancastrian men at arms advanced surrendering the high ground rather than endure any more volleys. Vicious hand to hand fighting ensued lasting without advantage to one side or the other until Yorkist reinforcement's arrived overwhelming the Lancastrian left flank. Eventually the Lancastrians broke and the river which had protected their flank was now a trap as they tried to flee. The bottle neck the bridges formed trapped them and the slaughter got worse as bridges collapsed under the weight of those fleeing, drowning many in the freezing waters. Many were said to have crossed by literally walking across the bodies of their comrades, more were supposed to have died in the rout than the battle itself. Britain By contrast the last battle fought on British soil (with firearms so the potential losses should be high) at Culloden in 1746 numbered less than 10,000 on either side with casualties of up to 2,000. The Battle of Somme (France) by comparison during World War 1 had 1.5 million casualties over 4 months, the British Army losing 20,000 dead on day one.

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The Tudors

5000

he married the daughter of the opposing side: elizabeth of york

Richard III'S childhood was hard and he lost many family members to the war of the Rose's.I guess you could say his violent childhood effected his reign and his later life!

Edward IV Born 28 April 1442 Dead 9 April 1483 reigned: 4 March 1461 - 3 October 1470 (9 years, 182 days) and again 11 April 1471 - 9 April 1483 (12 years)

Edward V Born 4 November 1470 Dead probably on 6 July 1483 reigned: 9 April 1483 - 26 June 1483 (0 years, 78 days)

Richard III Born 2 October 1452 Dead 22 August 1485 reigned: 26 June 1483 - 22 August 1485 (2 years, 57 days)

no one has dug up his skeleton to see the evidence for a hunchback, yet it is believed that his successor, Henry the seventh, ordered all the paintings of Richard the third to be edited so it appeared that he had a hunchback so people would hate the old king and welcome the new. carbon-14 testing shows a strong chance of this being so. However, ancient royal families, because of their habits of keeping the blood line 'pure' often performed incest, and deformaties such as a hunchback were not uncommon because of this.

King Henry the eighth favouritecolour is gold

It is not clear that he was a particularly bad king by the standards of the late fifteenth century - a grim period when said standards were not especially high - but he certainly wasn't a very successful one. Following the death of his brother, Edward IV, in April 1483, Richard "discovered" a technical flaw in Edward's marriage, which rendered the children illegitimate. On the strength of this, he assumed the throne as Richard III. Edward's two sons, the deposed King Edward V (age 12) and his brother Richard (10) were held in the Tower of London, and never seen or heard from again after the Summer of 1483. Rumours soon began spreading that the "Princes in the Tower" had been murdered, with the new king as the principal suspect. At Christmas 1483 the Lancastrian pretender, Henry Tudor, made a solemn pledge in Rennes Cathedral to marry their sister, Elizabeth of York. This was a move to broaden his support by attracting Yorkists as well as Lancastrians, but made no political sense if the Princes were still alive, since while they lived Elizabeth was not her father's heiress. So Henry's action was pointless unless not only he, but more importantly the Yorkists he was courting, now believed the Princes to be dead. Richard could have broken this alliance at any time, simply by producing the Princes alive, but made no attempt to do so. His only answer to the problem was apparently to ignore it and hope that it would go away. It didn't. The first revolt against Richard broke out in late 1483, and to widespread amazement the Duke of Buckingham, hitherto Richard's closest ally, joined it. However, exceptionally bad weather stopped the rebel armies from making any progress, and the revolt collapsed. Buckingham was duly beheaded. Henry Tudor set sail to join it, but his ships were scattered by a storm, and on reaching the English coast he learned of its failure and returned to Brittany. The Duchess of Buckingham disguised her five year old son as a girl, and went into hiding in Herefordshire, not to surface until after Richard's death. In 1484, Richard suffered a major blow with the death of his young son, Prince Edward. This led to reports that he would divorce (or even murder) his now barren wife, Anne Neville, and remarry to his niece, Elizabeth of York. The truth or otherwise of this cannot be determined, but in late 1484 the former Queen, Elizabeth Woodville, wrote to her son the earl of Dorset (EoY's half-brother, then in exile with Henry Tudor) advising him to return to England and make his peace with Richard. Dorset tried to do so but was recaptured. This strongly suggests that a reconciliation between Richard and the Woodville family was in the wind. Also, at about this time Henry put out feelers for a possible marriage to Katherine Herbert, daughter of his former guardian the Yorkist Earl of Pembroke. This would have strengthened Henry's support in Wales, where he intended to land, but was a poor substitute for the other match, and would never have been entertained unless he had reason to fear that Elizabeth of York was beyond his reach. So something was clearly going on. Whatever the truth of the matter, the rumours continued and increased after Queen Anne's death (of natural causes as far as we know) in March 1485. Richard then proclaimed to an assembly of Lords and clergy that he had never intended to marry his niece. According to the Croyland Chronicle, he was dissuaded by his close allies, Lords Catesby and Ratcliffe, who feared for their futures if the Woodvilles returned to power, and argued that his followers in the north (mostly Neville retainers, and Richard's staunchest allies) would turn against him if they felt he had "slighted" the late Queen. From here on, political solutions were exhausted, and Richard's only option was to kill or capture Henry. He sought the latter's extradition from Brittany, but Henry was warned and escaped to France. Shortly after, he sailed to Wales with a small group of supporters and mercenaries, landing at Milford Haven on August 7. Advancing through Wales and the Midlands, Henry gathered modest support but most English barons remained on the sidelines, and when the two armies met at Bosworth (or "Redemore") somewhere west of Leicester, on August 22, his forces were still apparently outnumbered. However, several armies of uncertain loyalty were also present, notably those of Lord Stanley, his brother Sir William, and Henry Percy Earl of Northumberland. In the event, Lord Stanley and Northumberland remained passive, but Sir William (who was almost certainly secretly committed to Henry Tudor) intervened at a crucial moment and gave Henry the victory. Richard, fighting valiantly to the end, perished in the midst of his foes. Henry Tudor then became King Henry VII. The question of Richard's guilt or innocence of killing his nephews remains to this day a passionate subject for debate. He was certainly the one in the best position to do the deed, but an anonymous London chronicle states that it was done "by vyse (advice? device?) of the Duke of Bokinghame", which has led to the suggestion that Buckingham may have been the guilty party. If so, of course, one must wonder why Richard never accused him of the crime. Far less credible is the suggestion that the Princes were still alive in the Tower in August 1485, and were killed by Henry VII. Evidence for this is somewhere between negligible and zero, since if the Princes were alive, Richard would have had every reason to divide his enemies by making this known, and indeed to conceal the fact amounted to suicide. Guilty or innocent, Richard totally failed either to break up the opposition to his rule, or rally adequate support against it. For a man who chose the motto "Loyauté Me Lye" (Loyalty Binds Me) he was singularly unsuccessful at attracting such loyalty from others, with the result that, justly or unjustly, his enemies got to write the history books.

The Wars of the Roses were fought to decide the crown lineage between the royal houses of York and Lancaster and despite there being many foreign mercenaries present during the myriad of battles fought the only countries involved were England and Wales but they didn't fight against each other, both countries had factions that supported one side or the other at various times throughout the conflict.

Some do. I've looked inside a few Tudor houses, and most do not. But if you watch Ariana Grande's cambio home tour, it looks as if she lives in a Tudor house and it has a basement. The Tudor homes I've been to were located in the USA, but original Tudor homes are popular in England, so they may have basements there.

Hope this answers your question!

Richard III was the king and leader of the Yorkist faction. He was not a good governor, and this resulted in a lack of good support for him. He was killed in the Battle of Battle of Bosworth, effectively ending the Yorkist claims on the throne.

The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars between supporters of the rival houses of Lancaster and York, for the English throne. They were fought in several spasmodic episodes between 1455 and 1487 in England.

A bleeding red rose often symbolizes deep love and passion, but it can also represent heartache and sacrifice. The imagery of a rose with blood suggests a connection between beauty and pain, highlighting the complexities of love that can bring both joy and sorrow. In literature and art, this motif may evoke themes of longing, loss, and the bittersweet nature of romantic relationships.

Totally!

he was 10 years old when he was given the throne

Edward V, the 12-year-old son and heir of Edward IV, ruled from 9 April - 26 June 1483 before he was usurped by Richard.

was a student led anti nazi movement inside germany

The Tudor rose was made in 1485 when also Henry Tudor became king.

The House of York.