Biochemistry

Things that aren't biological in origin (glass, rocks, iron, water) contain no DNA

If the spectra of two compounds with a constant total concentration cross at any wavelength, all mixtures with the same total concentration will go through that same point. The appearance of isobestic points in a chemical reaction is good evidence that we are observing one main species being converted to one other major species.

Simple occupancy theory states that the intensity of a drug's response is proportional to the amount of receptors occupied by that drug. Simply put, the more drugs bind to the receptors the more intense the response.

The DGKC method, also known as the dual gradient descent with conjugate curvature method, is an optimization algorithm used to solve nonlinear programming problems. It combines the conjugate gradient method with the idea of dual ascent for achieving faster convergence rates. This method is particularly useful for large-scale optimization problems with nonlinear constraints.

A cell unable to use feedback would not be able to adjust its functioning in response to changing conditions in its environment. This could lead to unregulated cell processes, loss of homeostasis, and potential cell damage or dysfunction. Feedback mechanisms are crucial for maintaining the internal balance and proper functioning of a cell.

White, brittle, or ridged fingernails can sometimes be a sign of vitamin D toxicity, which can occur when taking high doses of vitamin D supplements for a prolonged period. It's important to consult a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage of vitamin D and to monitor for any potential side effects.

This is the process by which the body obtains its needed glucose supplies by making it from protein rather than taking it directly from the blood sugar which is dumped into the bloodstream by the ingestion of sugars or the breakdown of starches.

BAPNA is a synthetic substrate used in enzymatic assays to measure protease activity, while pepsin is a protease enzyme. If BAPNA is not properly washed away after use, it may contaminate the pepsin or deionized water used in the experiment. It is important to always thoroughly clean and rinse equipment to avoid cross-contamination.

Color blindness is a sex-linked trait that is carried on the X chromosome. Since males inherit their single X chromosome from their mother, if the mother carries the allele for color blindness, her son will inherit it and be colorblind. Females need two copies of the allele to be colorblind, so they can be carriers without exhibiting the trait.

Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose stored in the liver and muscles for quick energy release, while glucose aminoglycans are complex carbohydrates comprised of repeating sugar and amino sugar units that play a key role in maintaining the structure and function of connective tissues in the body. Glycogen serves as an energy reserve, providing a rapid source of glucose for cells, while glucose aminoglycans contribute to the structure, flexibility, and lubrication of various tissues such as cartilage and skin in the human body.

Yes, enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts, controlling the speed of chemical reactions in living organisms. They do this by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur, thus speeding up the reaction without being consumed in the process.

Treatment for amorphous phosphate in urine typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as dehydration or an improper diet high in phosphate. Increasing fluid intake, reducing phosphate-rich foods, and maintaining a balanced diet can help prevent the formation of amorphous phosphate crystals. In severe cases, a healthcare provider may recommend further evaluation and treatment.

Primers - to provide the double stranded section of DNA that the enzyme needs to attach to and to make sure that you amplify the section you're interested in.

dNTPs - nucleotide building blocks to make your PCR product

Taq polymerase - the enzyme that will drive the reaction

DNA - your template and sample of interest

Usually you will also add a buffer and possibly magnesium chloride (depending on whether it's already contained in your buffer or not). The buffer ensures the reaction happens in the correct conditions (pH and so on). The magnesium chloride supplies the Mg ions that Taq polymerase needs as a co-enzyme.

You also need a thermal cycler to run your reaction.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are all macronutrients necessary for the body's structure and function. They all provide energy for cellular processes. Additionally, they are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, followed by pyruvate entering the mitochondria for the TCA cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation take place in the inner mitochondrial membrane space.

No, dyads are not visible in mitosis. Dyads are two sister chromatids joined at the centromere, and they separate during anaphase of mitosis to form individual chromosomes that are visible under a microscope.

positive result for when buiret is added to protein is blue or violet/pale lilac colour. (not pink).

positive result for when iodine is added to starch is blue or black colour (not pink).

The loss of structure of an enzyme due to increased temperature is called denaturation. This process disrupts the enzyme's active site, leading to a loss of its biological activity and function.

DNA is replicated during interphase, and chromosomes form or condense during the prophase. So the genes and chromosomes are duplicated at the beginning of mitosis, during the interphase, although you can't see them as chromosomes until the prophase, before the cell splits.

The sex chromosomes, X and Y, are chromosomal landmarks whose inheritance can be tracked. They determine an individual's sex and are passed down from parents to offspring. By studying the inheritance patterns of these sex chromosomes, researchers can track gene flow and genetic diversity within populations.

NAD+ and FAD are electron carriers that function in the Krebs cycle to accept and transport electrons from various reactions within the cycle. They play a crucial role in transferring these electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

Vitamin D is found in green vegetables and sunlight.
Vitamin D occurs naturally in fish and a few other foods. In some countries, staple foods such as milk, flour and margarine are artificially fortified with vitamin D, and it is also available as a supplement in pill form.

No, Initiation is the first step in translation. It involves the binding of mRNA to the small subunit of the ribosome, which marks the beginning of the translation process.

In the pharynx, the primary enzymes present are salivary amylase (ptyalin) and lingual lipase. Salivary amylase helps break down starches into maltose, while lingual lipase aids in digesting fats. These enzymes begin the process of chemical digestion in the mouth before food travels to the stomach.

Proteases, also known as peptidases or proteolytic enzymes, are the class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins. They facilitate the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids.