Biochemistry

When muscles are over-exerted, the muscle cells carry out anaerobic respiration to compensate for the oxygen deficit. Lactic acid produced as a result of this causes muscles to become sore or develop cramps.

Most polyatomic ions have a negative charge. There are only 2 positive polyatomic ions; Mercury(I) ion and Ammonium ion.

False.

True. Water is a polar molecule because it has a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom due to differences in electronegativity. This polarity allows water to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules.

Lipids are the organic molecules that include fats, oils, and waxes. They are characterized by their hydrophobic nature and diverse functions in energy storage, structural components, and cell signaling.

The lock and key theory and the induced fit theory are two theories that explain enzyme specificity. The lock and key theory proposes that the enzyme's active site is already in the correct shape to bind the substrate, like a key fitting into a lock. The induced fit theory suggests that the active site of the enzyme can change its shape slightly to accommodate the substrate, similar to a glove molding around a hand.

methanoic acid,ethanoic acid,butanoic acid,etc.....any cmpd containing acid group.i.e.,-COOH belong to carboxylic acids

In short, translation is the process of ribosomes reading mRNA and using tRNA to gather the amino acids specified by the mRNA. The tRNA anticodons are complementary to the codons (three nucleotide sequence that represents an amino acid) on mRNA and allow them to be identified by the ribosome.

In detail, translation is the second process of making a protein or polypeptide, the first being transcription. During translation, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosome, usually located on the Rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum) or in the cytoplasm of the cell. The ribosome consists of two subunits, a large and small one. Initiation factors take the mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit, where other initiation factors move the tRNA to the first codon (three nucleotides sequence that represents a particular amino acid.) Then, the large ribosomal subunit attaches to the small subunit, encasing the mRNA and tRNA. The ribosome contains three distinct areas that the tRNA can occupy in the ribosome: the A site, where tRNA enters and receives the existing amino acid chain, the P site, where it comes in contact with the codons on the mRNA, and the E site, where the tRNA prepares to leave the ribosome.

The first tRNA enters the P site and always carries N-formylmethionine (fMet), and all subsequent tRNAs enter the A site, then move to the P site then E site. Since tRNA is reusable and can only carry a particular amino acid, its possesses anticodons that represent the amino acid it carries. The first codon on mRNA is always a 'start' codon AUG (amino acid Methionine.) The ribosome moves down the mRNA and 'reads' each mRNA codon and finds the tRNA with the complementary anticodon (for example, if a codon on mRNA was GGG (Glycine), the complementary tRNA would have an anticodon of CCC and would be carrying the amino acid Glycine.) At the end of the mRNA, a stop signal is read by the ribosome and a release enters the A site instead of tRNA, prompting the ribosome to disassemble and be made available for more mRNA. The stop codons (also known as nonsense codons) are UAA, UAG, and UGA; they do not translate into any amino acid.

Carbohydrates typically have 4 calories per gram. They are the body's main source of energy and are found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, and sugar. Carbohydrates are made up of sugars, starches, and fibers.

1. All matter is made up of tiny particles
2. Particles have empty spaces between them
3. Even though you cannot see them, particles are moving randomly all the time
4. Particles move faster and spread farther apart when they are heated
5. Particles attract each other, so they tend to stay together rather than fly apart

specific substrates to catalyze a biochemical reaction. Each enzyme has a specific substrate or group of substrates that it acts on, and the enzyme's active site is designed to bind to these substrates. This specificity ensures that the enzyme functions effectively in the body.

Some abbreviations for enzymes involved in the breakdown of glucose are HK (hexokinase), GK (glucokinase), PFK (phosphofructokinase), PK (pyruvate kinase), and G6Pase (glucose-6-phosphatase).

The primary buffer for blood is the bicarbonate buffer system. This system helps to maintain the blood's pH within a narrow range by converting excess hydrogen ions into carbonic acid, which can then be exhaled as carbon dioxide.

The anticodon on a tRNA molecule pairs with the complementary codon on the mRNA during translation. The amino acid attached to the tRNA is determined by the specific anticodon sequence. This spatial relationship ensures that the correct amino acid is brought to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Glucose is called a 6 carbon sugar because there are six carbon atoms along its back bone, which are either attached to a hydrogen in one side and a hydroxyl group (OH) to the other side. the very fist carbon i attached to a hydrogen by a single bond, and to an oxygen by a double bond, while your last carbon besides being attached to the hydrogen and hydroxyl group it also has another hydrogen attached to it. All are attached by single bond with the exception of that one oxygen.

Loosen the neck straps
loosen the neck straps

Drabkin's method is a commonly used laboratory technique to estimate hemoglobin levels in the blood. It involves lysing the red blood cells to release hemoglobin and then measuring the absorbance of the hemoglobin-cyanmethemoglobin complex at a specific wavelength to determine the concentration of hemoglobin in the sample. This method provides a quick and accurate assessment of hemoglobin levels, which is crucial for diagnosing conditions like anemia.

The argument for nature v's nurture is still being held. We don't have any firm conclusion as to what traits are controlled by genetics and which are not. With out this information it is impossible to say any traits which "should be controlled by genetics but are not". Some people would say that all traits are genetic!

Glucose contains six carbon atoms, whereas pyruvate only contains three, so it is possible to derive two pyruvate molecules (3+3 carbon atoms) from one glucose molecule (=6 carbon atoms).

During the early stages of glycolysis, the glucose is converted into Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. This molecule also has six carbon atoms, and is split by an enzyme called 'fructose biphosphate aldolase' into two separate molecules containing three carbon atoms: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. It is the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate that is later converted into pyruvate, accounting for the first pyruvate molecules from glucose. However, the other 3-carbon molecule, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, is kept in equilibium with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by an enzyme known as 'triose phosphate isomerase', so that this is eventually converted into pyruvate as well. The result being two pyruvate molecules per glucose molecule.

Boogers are mostly made up of mucus, dust, and debris from the air we breathe. They do not have any significant nutritional value because they are primarily composed of water, proteins, and dead cells.

Almost all foods contain vitamin B-6 but the highest amounts can be found in the following:

* Brewer's yeast * carrots * chicken * eggs * fish * meat * peas * spinach * sunflower seeds * walnuts * and wheat germ

Secondary sources include the following:

* avocado * bananas * beans * blackstrap molasses * broccoli * brown rice and whole grains * cabbage * cantaloupe * corn * dulse * plantains * potatoes * rice bran * soybeans

In SDS-PAGE, tris acts as a buffering agent to maintain pH during electrophoresis. It helps to stabilize the proteins by providing a suitable environment for denaturation and separation based on their molecular weights. Tris also helps to maintain the electrical conductivity of the buffer solution, which is essential for the movement of proteins in the gel.

DNA. Hershey and Chase conducted the blender experiment using bacteriophages to show that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material that is passed on during viral infection.

In proline the H2NC-COOH is not free rotatable (around C-C linkage) because it is 'build in' in a ring. (Sorry that this lousy text editor doesn't allow me to draw this structure to make it clear to you how)