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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
What number is salt water on the pH scale?
If it was pure salt, then it would be neutral, a 7 on the pH scale.
Neuropeptide Y is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in regulating a variety of physiological functions, including stress response, appetite regulation, and energy balance. It is also involved in cardiovascular function and can influence behaviors such as anxiety and aggression.
What does a Cell membrane do in a plant Cell?
The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. It also serves as a base of attachment for the cytoskeleton in some organisms and the cell wall in others. Thus the cell membrane also serves to help support the cell and help maintain its shape. Animal cells, plant cells, prokaryotic cells, and fungal cells have cell membranes.
The difference between polar molecules and nonpolar molecules?
Polar molecules have an unequal distribution of electrical charges.
Describe a pathway used for degradation of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are broken down through a process called glycolysis, which involves a series of enzymatic reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate can be converted to lactate or ethanol through fermentation pathways.
Water retardation refers to the slowing down of water infiltration or movement through a soil or material. This can be influenced by factors such as soil texture, structure, compaction, and organic matter content, leading to reduced water flow rates and increased surface runoff. Measures like soil amendments, contouring, and vegetation can help manage water retardation and improve water infiltration.
What is the function of DNA in your body?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is used as the cell's master code for assembling proteins. The code in nucleic acids ultimately directs the entire symphony of living chemistry
DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
DNA is located in the chromosomes in of the human body. It's like blueprints or instructions for hair color, eye color, height, pretty much everything
How do you test for carbon dioxide?
to test for carbon dioxide is already dissolved in limewater, after this shake up the test tube, is it be that carbon dioxide is present then 2 things will happen:
1) the limewater will turn cloudy as CO2 is a precipatate is this solution
2) the limewater will begin to show efferevescence now we know gas is present
If these 2 things happen then there is an extremely high chance that CO2 is present
I hope this answers any questions about the test for C02
i hope this help remember dont skip school
Pepsin is the powerful enzyme in gastric juice that digests proteins such as those in meat, eggs, seeds, or dairy products in the stomach. Since animals have stomachs, they therefore have pepsin.
Coenzymes are small organic non-protein molecules that carry chemical groups between enzymes.[1] Coenzymes are sometimes referred to as cosubstrates. These molecules are substrates for enzymes and do not form a permanent part of the enzymes' structures.
What is the role of glutamine in cell culture?
Primary Functions of Glutamine in Cell Culture Systems:
Glutamine supports the growth of cells that have high energy demands and synthesize large amounts of proteins and nucleic acids. It is an alternative energy source for rapidly dividing cells and cells that use glucose inefficiently. Cells require nitrogen atoms to build molecules such as nucleotides, amino acids, amino-sugars and vitamins. Ammonium is an inorganic source of nitrogen that exists primarily as a positively charged cation, NH4+, at physiological pH. Ammonium nitrogen used by cells is initially incorporated into organic nitrogen as an amine of glutamate or an amide of glutamine. These two amino acids provide the primary reservoirs of nitrogen for the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and other nitrogenous compounds. Reactions that fix nitrogen into glutamate and glutamine consume energy equivalents. Glutamate is synthesized from ammonium and alpha ketoglutaric acid, a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate. Its synthesis requires the oxidation of either NADH or NADPH. Glutamine is formed from ammonium and glutamate and its synthesis consumes ATP. The enzymes involved in glutamate synthesis, glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.4) and glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.13) are reversible. The enzyme responsible for glutamine synthesis, glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2), is highly regulated to limit the production of glutamine to cell requirements. The catabolism of glutamine to glutamate and ammonium is mediated by mitochodrial enzymes called glutaminases (EC 3.5.1.2 ). Ammonium produced in vivo can be metabolized to urea. In vitro, ammonium is not metabolized to urea. Under some in vitro conditions, ammonia accumulates in the extracellular medium as ammonium ion. Roles of glutamine: * Glutamine contains one atom of nitrogen as an amide and another atom of nitrogen as an amine and it transports and delivers nitrogen to cells in quantities that are toxic as free ammonium. * Glutamine amide nitrogen is used in the synthesis of the vitamins NAD and NADP, purine nucleotides, CTP from UTP and asparagine. Nitrogen initially stored in glutamine can also be used to produce carbamyl phosphate for the synthesis of pyrimidines. * Glutamine is a precursor of glutamate, a key amino acid used for the transamination of alpha ketoacids to form other alpha amino acids. * When glucose levels are low and energy demands are high, cells can metabolize amino acids for energy. Glutamine is one of the most readily available amino acids for use as an energy source and it is a major source of energy for many rapidly dividing cell types in vitro.
What type of sugar is a monosaccharide?
its a simple sugar such as glucose, galactose and fructose. hope this helped :)
Where is vitamin d stored in the body?
'Your Personal Pyramid
Your assignment was to track everything you ate for five days. Now you will use that information to figure out how your diet compares to recommendations for healthy eating. Here's how:
Step 1: Go to www.mypyramid.gov. Click "I want to get a personal plan" on the right-hand side. Enter age, sex and activity level on My Pyramid Plan (along the right hand side). Click on "submit."
Step 2: Look on the right side under "View, Print & Learn More." Click on "click here to view" and print a PDF version of your results. (Note: you will need to look carefully at the details at the bottom of your page to make sure it's yours.)
Step 3: Click on "My Pyramid Tracker" on the left hand side. Go to the bottom of the page and clink on "register new user." Enter the required information (ID, password, and password confirmation). Click on "Submit."
Step 4: Enter the required information: name, gender, date, height, weight.
Step 5: Click on "proceed to food intake."
Step 6: Enter your food items. Search through the list until you find the item that is closest to what you actually ate. If you had something like a sandwich or pizza, you may have to enter each component separately. If no items come up in your search, try a similar or less specific name. Example: English muffin if multigrain English muffin isn't available.
Step 7: Once you have entered every item that you ate for the day, you can select "enter quantities." Enter the serving size and how many servings you had. Example: Double-stuff Oreos: 6 cookies
Step 8: When you have entered quantities for all foods FOR ONE DAY, click "save and analyze."
Step 9: Click on "nutrient intakes" and manually copy the information to the form below. By copying the whole chart into a blank Word document and then highlighting the column of numbers you want. Follow the directions at the top of the chart (but don't go on to day two until you have completed step 10).
Step 10: At the bottom of your nutrient intakes page click on "MyPyramid recommendation." Click on this link and copy and paste the bar graph and the percentage chart to the space indicated below.
Step 11: Repeat the procedures for two other days. When you have all three days in Word, print out your results.
When you are finished, you should have: 1) Your recommended food pyramid from Step 2 and 2) the forms below completed.
If you have extra time, you can go back to the first page after your log-in and click on the "Physical Activity" button.
Step 9 Details: Insert information below for each of your three days. Then average your totals by adding the amounts from day 1, 2 and 3 and then dividing by 3. Look at your recommendations or acceptable range and analyze whether you are getting enough of the nutrient.
Nutrient
Intake Day One
Intake
Day Two
Intake
Day Three
Aver-age
Accept-able range
G = Good
N = Needs Work
Food Energy/Total Calories (kcals)
2589
1035
2370
1998
1951
n
Protein (gm)
123
33
75
77
52
n
Carbohydrate (gm)
271
118
270
220
130
n
Total Fiber (gm)
14
6
11
10
38
n
Total Fat (gm) Low is better
111.9
49.1
112.3
91.1
71.9 - 100.7
*g
Saturated Fat (gm) Lower is better
47
20.5
45.3
37.6
< 28.8
*n
Monounsaturated Fat (gm)
44
20
44
36
**
g
Polyunsaturated Fat (gm)
13
7
19
13
**
g
Linoleic (omega 6) (gm)
11.1
2.5
7.5
7
16
n
Alpha Linolenic (omega 3) (gm)
0.8
0.4
0.7
0.6
1.6
n
Cholesterol (mg) (should be less than 300 mg)
325
75
419
273
< 300
*g
Vitamin A (mcg RAE)
543.3
198.9
584.7
442
900
n
Vitamin C (mg)
231.6
8.2
10.2
83
75
g
Vitamin E (mga-TE)
11.6
2.2
4.1
5
15
n
Thiamin (mg)
1.7
0.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
g
Riboflavin (mg)
2.5
1
2.2
1.9
1.3
g
Niacin (mg)
21.5
5.6
12.6
13
16
g
Folate (mcg, DFE)
629.3
107.7
286.8
340
400
n
Vitamin B6 (mg)
3.3
0.3
0.7
1.4
1.3
g
Vitamin B12 (mcg)
8.1
1.9
4
4.6
2.4
n
Calcium (mg)
1013.6
648.3
1148.9
930
1300
n
Phosphorus (mg)
1597.7
685.8
1339.3
1119
1250
g
Magnesium (mg)
340.7
116.5
244.2
233
410
n
Iron (mg)
20.7
4.5
10.4
11.8
11
g
Zinc (mg)
19.7
4.6
10.5
11.6
11
g
Selenium (mcg)
148.7
34.1
99
93
55
n
Potassium (mg)
3679
1010
1891
2193
4700
n
Sodium (mg) (should be less than 2300mg)
2620
1423
4351
2798
1500 - 2300
*g
* On these nutrients, lower is better
Name five nutrients you are lacking. On the MyPyramid webstie Nutrient Intakes page, click on these nutrient names to go to a description of the nutrient and fill in the following table:
Nutrient I'm lacking
Why I need it (what it does for me)
Where it comes from
What I'm willing to change to get more of it
Vitamin A (mcg RAE)
helps in bone growth and development
Animal Products
My eating habits
Vitamin E (mga-TE)
promote healing, keep skin hydrated
Nuts fruits and vegetables
My eating habits
Potassium (mg)
Prevents heart problems.
Vegetables and plant foods
My eating habits
Total Fiber (gm)
Easier bowel movements
Flushes toxins
Plant products
Fear of vegetables
Magnesium (mg)
Helps prevent
Dairy, nuts, green vegetables
Step 10 Details: Insert your percentage charts and bar graphs below:
Day 1:
Day 2:
Milk Intake
2.4 cup equivalent
Milk Recommendation
3 cup equivalent
Meat and Beans Intake
2 oz equivalent
Meat and Beans Recommendation
5.5 oz equivalent
Vegetables Intake
1.6 cup equivalent
Vegetables Recommendation
2.5 cup equivalent
Fruits Intake
2.5 cup equivalent
Fruits Recommendation
2 cup equivalent
Grains Intake
11.8 oz equivalent
Grains Recommendation
6 oz equivalent
Pyramid Categories
Percent Recommendation
Milk
80%
Meat and Beans
36%
Vegetables
64%
Fruits
125%
Grains
197%
Day 3:
Milk Intake
3.2 cup equivalent
Milk Recommendation
3 cup equivalent
Meat and Beans Intake
4.8 oz equivalent
Meat and Beans Recommendation
5.5 oz equivalent
Vegetables Intake
0.3 cup equivalent
Vegetables Recommendation
2.5 cup equivalent
Fruits Intake
0 cup equivalent
Fruits Recommendation
2 cup equivalent
Grains Intake
7.9 oz equivalent
Grains Recommendation
6 oz equivalent
Pyramid Categories
Percent Recommendation
Milk
107%
Meat and Beans
87%
Vegetables
12%
Fruits
0%
Grains
132%
Look at your bar graphs and percentage charts for all three days and write a paragraph analyzing how well you are meeting your food group recommendations. (Are you getting enough of each group? Are you consistently low in one or more areas? What can you do to correct any problems?)
Is there any incompatibility between iron and vitamin c in a syrup or soft gel?
Iron and vitamin C are often combined in supplements because vitamin C can enhance iron absorption in the body. There is no known incompatibility between iron and vitamin C in a syrup or soft gel. In fact, the combination of iron and vitamin C can be beneficial for individuals with iron deficiency.
Serine is a conditionally essential amino acid. In other words, humans can synthesize serine under normal nutritional conditions and do not normally need to consume most of the necessary serine in their food.
Abbreviated Ser, serine is one of the twenty amino acids that are incorporated into proteins. It is involved in multiple metabolic reactions within the body.
What happens to the rate of enzyme reaction when you increase the enzyme concentration?
As the enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction will increase because there are many more enzymes present to aid break down the substrate. However, a point will be reached when no matter how much enzyme is present, the reaction will not occur any quicker. This is equilibrium. This happens because all the substrate is being broken down by the exact same amount of enzyme, so enzymes will be present which have no substrate to break down.
What does your body use lipids for?
Lipids serve various functions in the body, including providing a concentrated source of energy, forming cell membranes, and serving as important signaling molecules. They also play a role in insulation, protecting organs, and assisting in nutrient absorption.
What substance in muscle seems able to store oxygen temporarily?
Myoglobin is synthesized in cells and imparts the reddish-brown color of skeletal muscle tissue. Like hemoglobin, myoglobin can combine loosely with oxygen. This ability to temporarily store oxygen reduces a muscle's requirement for a continuous blood supply during muscular contraction.
Why is there such an emphasis today on proper nutrition?
I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>> I THINK IT IS BECAUSE OF THE FACT, that we have or have access to some of the best food in the world, and live to an older age overall. Yet, we , as a nation, seem to be one of the most obese people ever. Fast foods seem to be one of the problems when trying to eat well, which in turn leads to shorter life spans and higher medical costs for those involved. Simply put, people want to live longer and have less disease so they spend more time worrying about nutrition...<<<ADR>>>
How much protein should be consumed in a day?
It depends on your size and caloric intake. For a 2000 calorie diet, the FDA suggests 65g of protein. For a 2500 calorie diet, it's 80g a day. This is for modestly active individuals. Bodybuilders attempting to build muscle and gain muscle mass need more- but not as much as some muscle magazines would have you believe. The absolute maximum that's been shown effective is 1.6 g of protein per kg of your lean body mass- and that's assuming intensive strength training. So a 180 pound male that's 10 percent body fat would need an absolute most of about 120 grams per day (180*.9=162 pounds of muscle/2.2=74 kg muscle*1.6= 120 grams of protein) . Look on Google scholar for "protein requirements" if you want to find out more.
Proteins : food needed for growth and repair of tissues, alos used to make enzymes.
The recommended protein intake requirement is derived from our "ideal body weight" and balanced with our overall caloric intake. If you want to be more specific and calculate your exact protein requirement 1) determine your ideal body weight, then 2) calculate your protein requirement based on your ideal weight. A good ratio of carbohydrates to fat to protein is 60-25-15. It is almost impossible to become protein deficient; however, it is easy to exceed you maximum daily protein intake requirement. Exceeding your maximum daily protein intake could reduce your atheletic performance and have an undesirable effect on your health.Howerver be warned Proteins have a high amount of nitrogen. When nitrogen is broken down in the liver it creates ammonia. Ammonia is poisonous. The increased level of ammonia in the body is harmful to cells and may decrease atheletic performance.Stress on kidneys occurs when more than 2 grams per kilogram of ideal body weight per day is consumed.
15% of your daily calorie intake (4 calories per gram)
You should 3-4 servings.
It depends on the weight of the individual... 1 gm per kg....
e.g. for a person having 50Kg of wt, daily 50 gm of protein is expected...
It depends on your activity level, age , height weight and diet. If you exercise frequently e.g. Daily. The average woman need 46 grams. You would be getting enough protein if 10 to 35 percent of your calories comes from protein. Good luck. Or you can simply look up a protein calculator on the web.
Between 5 and 10% of your daily caloric intake to prevent the increased risk of certain diseases.
A feature of catabolic reactions is that they?
break down larger molecules into smaller ones to release energy.
Any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water is an?
Acids are hydrolized and donate free H+ ions in water.
What safety rules in biochemistry laboratry?
Lab safety rules is when you need to always wear safety goggles, wear a lab apron, be careful with breakable objects such as glass, wear heat-resistant gloves, use thongs to pick up hot objects, be careful with sharp objects, be careful with chemicals, and before and after a lab, wash your hands.
Why is Krebs cycle also known as citric acid cycle?
The Krebs cycle is also known as the citric acid cycle because one of the critical intermediates in the cycle is citric acid, which is produced when acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate. The cycle plays a central role in cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
Amylose is made up of α(1→4) bonded glucose monomers, so glucose is the only product of complete hydrolytic breakdown. It is unclear which test is used, please rephrase the question in an appropriate way (one at a time, not THREE! like this).
