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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
What is glycine made from and what is it used for?
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized in the body from serine. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement to improve sleep quality, mental performance, and muscle recovery. Additionally, glycine is used in the food industry as a sweetener and flavor enhancer.
Which two bases are present in equal amounts in a double-stranded DNA molecule?
The two bases that are present in equal amounts in a double stranded DNA molecule are cytosine and guanine. Cytosine pairs with guanine in A DNA molecule.
How does phospholipid differ from triglyceride?
Phospholipids are a class of lipids, and a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids, cholesterol and proteins. Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule chemically bonded to 2 long fatty acid chains and a phosphoester through a process called condensation. Phospholipids are amphipatic (has a hydrophillic region and a hydrophobic region) due to the hydrophillic phosphoester and the hydrophobic fatty acid chains.
Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body. They're also present in blood plasma. These consist of a glycerol molecule chemically bonded to 3 long fatty acid chains via a process called condensation. Triglycerides are hydrophobic as the long fatty acid chains are hydrophobic as they are far too long to react with water.
What is the pitch of an amino acid -helix?
The pitch of a helix is defined as the distance along the helical axis that results in one full turn of the helix. In the case of amino acid helices, this value is an average value of about 5.5 Angstroms.
A-DNA B-DNA Z-DNA Right-handed helix Right-handed Left-handed Short and broad Long and thin Longer and thinner Helix Diameter 25.5A 23.7A 18.4A Rise / base-pair 2.3A 3.4A 3.8A Base-pair / helical turn ~ 11 ~ 10 ~ 12 Helix pitch 25A 34A 47A Tilt of the bases 20 deg -1 deg -9 deg Also see http://tigger.uic.edu/classes/phys/phys461/phys450/ANJUM04/
What stabilizes an amino acid -helix?
The E2A gene encodes two alternatively spliced products, E12 and E47. The two proteins differ in their basic helix-loop-helix motifs (bHLH), responsible for DNA binding and dimerization. Although both E12 and E47 can bind to DNA as heterodimers with tissue-specific bHLH proteins, E12 binds to DNA poorly as homodimers. An inhibitory domain in E12 has previously been found to prevent E12 homodimers from binding to DNA. By measuring the dissociation rates using filter binding and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we have shown here that the inhibitory domain interferes with DNA binding by destabilizing the DNA-protein complexes. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that substitution of basic amino acids (not other amino acids) in the DNA-binding domain of E12 can increase the intrinsic DNA-binding activity of E12 and stabilize the binding complexes, thus alleviating the repression from the inhibitory domain. *This ability of basic amino acids to stabilize DNA-binding complexes may be of biological significance in the case of myogenic bHLH proteins, which all possess two more basic amino acids in their DNA binding domain than E12.* To function as heterodimers with E12, the myogenic bHLH proteins may need stronger DNA binding domains. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=145871 Helix-capping interactions were found to contribute to helix stability, even when the substitution site was not at the end of the peptide- the H-bonds. BETA TURN. Many antiparallel beta sheets are formed by a single peptide chain continually looping back on itself. The loop between the two hydrogen-bonded segments, known as a beta turn, consistently contains one to three (usually two) amino acids. The amino acids in a beta turn do not form hydrogen bonds, but other interactions may stabilize their positions. A further consistency is that, from a perspective where the side chain of the final hydrogen-bonded amino acid projects outward toward the viewer, the turn is always to the right. http://science.jrank.org/pages/5539/Proteins.html -that is a good website
What property do water and hydrophilic molecules share?
Water and hydrophilic molecules share the property of being polar, meaning they have regions of positive and negative charge that allow them to interact and dissolve in water. Additionally, they are both capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules, enhancing their solubility in water.
What connection can be made between enzyme activity and temperature?
Temperature can directly affect enzyme activity. Increases in temperature can cause the enzymes to operate at a quicker pace and cause the enzymatic reaction to move along faster, while decreases in temperatures can cause the enzymes to become sluggish and the reaction to slow down. If temperatures are too high, then the enzymes can fall apart, or denature due to the extreme heat, and if temperatures are too low, then the enzymes can slow down to a complete halt in some cases. Either way, the enzymatic reaction will stop. Most enzymes have an optimal temperature under which they can work the most efficiently and effectively.
Will cells in the human body freeze?
Cells in the human body can freeze if they are subjected to cold for a long enough period. Frostbite is, and has been, a known threat to individuals who are out in the cold without protective clothing.
The order of bases in DNA determines the order of amino acids in the final protein through the process of transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to synthesize mRNA, which carries the code for the amino acid sequence. Then, during translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in groups of three nucleotides called codons and matches each codon to the corresponding amino acid, ultimately determining the order in which the amino acids are assembled into a protein.
How many activating enzymes are there?
There are hundreds of activating enzymes in the human body that play a vital role in various cellular processes. These enzymes help to catalyze chemical reactions that are essential for functions such as metabolism, DNA replication, and cell signaling. Each activating enzyme is specific to its substrate and carries out a particular biological function.
A chemical bond in which one atom gives up an electron to another, forming two ions of opposite charge, and thus generating an electrical force that holds the atoms together. The atoms are thus held together by the attractive force between a positively and a negatively charged ion.
An ionic bond is typically formed between a metal and a non-metal.
A bond between two elements caused by a difference in charge created by the donation of an electron by one of the atoms to another.
Atoms that have only one or very few electrons in their valence shell are very vulnerable to losing them. If another atom comes along with lots of electrons in it's valence shell, but not quite enough to be complete, the other atom's lonely old electron will get snatched away to join the shell with lots of electrons, and make a complete electron shell. When this happens though, a discrepancy in charge is created. The atom that now has the extra electron it's not supposed to have has a more negative charge, and the atom that got its electron stolen has a more positive charge. As you know, opposites attract, and in this case they attract so strongly that they two atoms become bonded to together.
For example, what happens if you have Na(sodium) and S(sulfur) during an ionic bonding. Here is a simple way to figure it out. Sodium has one electron in the outside electron shell and sulfur has two empty "spaces." So, if sodium(metal) give sulfur(non-metal) the one electron, but sulfur has one space left so another sodium comes along and that sodium gives its electron to sulfur. Thus, sulfur has no spaces. The chemical formula is Na2S because Sodium was used twice.
Does wings have carbohydrates?
I wonder that bird's wings need carbohydrates to move up and down. The wings of birds are constituted of muscles and those muscles need proteins and carbohydrates to function, and I am referring to the flying birds, not to the land-based birds, although their wings need carbohydrates and proteins as well.
What is the relationship between DNA genes and proteins?
A gene is a segment of DNA sequence which can fold in any orientation and hence will code for a particular protein.
DNA molecule is a double helix structure formed by complementary base pairing of nucleotides.
Proteins are formed by particular t-RNA and are synthesized in ribosomes. Proteins are required for various metabolic activities occurring in the body.
A simpler way to say the same thing is:
A gene is a section of a DNA molecule that contains the information to code for one specific protein.
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA?
The four nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). They pair up in a specific way—A with T and C with G—to form the base pairs that make up the double helix structure of DNA.
Can sodium hydroxide cure sunburn?
No, Sodium Hydroxide or NaOH is a highly corrosive substance and when it comes in contact with skin it causes severe burns. Putting it on sunburn will do nothing but make it worse.
(To see what happens when NaOH spills on skin see the related link)
Which part of the body contains enzymes that break down protein?
The stomach contains enzymes that break down protein.
What are fructose lactose and sucrose?
Fructose, lactose, and sucrose are all types of sugars. Fructose is a simple sugar found in fruits and honey. Lactose is a sugar found in milk and dairy products. Sucrose, also known as table sugar, is a combination of glucose and fructose found in sugarcane, sugar beets, and many fruits and vegetables.
How do you calculate percentage of carbohydrates in the potato?
Well, Take fire, Put the potato in it and leave it for 2min after that get the the heat %'s... After it cools down see how fast till it totally calms down... Needed stopwatch and temperature meter, fire and fork...
What it is called when food plus oxygen gas yields Carbon dioxide plus water plus cellular energy?
This process is called cellular respiration. In this process, food molecules react with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (cellular energy) which is used by cells for various functions.
Could somebody suggest some good books on biochemistry to read to put on personal statement?
Sure, here are some recommendations: "Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry" by David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox, "Biochemistry" by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer, and "Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life" by Trudy McKee and James R. McKee. These textbooks are commonly used in university biochemistry courses and provide a comprehensive introduction to the subject.
What is the term for the two sets of chromatids?
A chromosome pair, as in a pair of Chromosome 15, or a pair of Chromosome 5. Others have said Tetrad - Pls stand-by.
What percentage does a potato have of carbohydrate?
A potato usually contains around 20-25% carbohydrates, mostly in the form of starch.
Anaerobic enzymes are those that function in the absence of oxygen. They help facilitate metabolic processes in environments where oxygen is limited or absent, such as during anaerobic respiration in cells. These enzymes are crucial for generating energy and carrying out essential chemical reactions without relying on oxygen as an electron acceptor.
An endogenous enzyme is an enzyme that is naturally produced within an organism's cells to carry out specific chemical reactions. These enzymes play key roles in various metabolic processes and are essential for maintaining normal physiological functions in the body.
What is good nutrient substitute for vitamin E?
- Do you mean, as in totally extracting Vitamin E in your diet?
a.k.a. Substituting Vitamin A for Vitamin E and trying to go without it? (Which is not possible) I apologize if I sound condescending, I do not intend to, I'm just trying to understand what you're asking.
- Or finding foods that have vitamin E in them?
Like: sunflower seeds (raw), Almonds (dry roasted or raw), sesame seeds and sesame seed oil, walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, olives, Spinach (boiled or raw), Papaya, Swiss Chard (boiled or raw), Mustard Greens (boiled or raw), Turnip Greens (cooked or raw), Collard Greens (boiled or raw), or blueberries ( which are very high in anti-oxidants and is a good brain food), etc.
- Or how to include vitamin E in your diet without taking supplements?
By including foods like those named above in what you eat you'll probably get the necessary amount of Vitamin E that you need.
- Or where you asking for a natural topical or external alternative for vitamin E?
i.e. for massaging into the skin to relieve and/or prevent wrinkles and rebuild cell tissues.
If this is your question, then you could use jojoba oil, rose hip seed oil (expensive but is very high in essential fatty acids, omega-6, and omega-3 and is very effective in reducing wrinkles, sun damage, , and brittle nails), also there is sweet almond oil (smells great and is good for your skin), grapefruit seed extract, and/or extra virgin olive oil (is a much cheaper alternative, but is a bit on the smelly side).
hint: whenever you're looking for oils of any kind, especially for consumption and for topical means look for ones that say "cold pressed" or "USDA Organic"on the label if possible. That way you'll know that you're getting something that is not treated with any chemicals or produced by unnatural means. If you can't find either of those two, then try looking for the cheapest or most affordable alternative.