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Engineering

Engineering is an art and profession devoted to designing, constructing, and operating the structures, machines, and other devices of industry and everyday life.

5,839 Questions

What is the most likely radiological device that a terrorist might use in a Weapons of Mass Destruction incident?

A radiological device (or "dirty bomb") consists of a normal explosive device placed next to (or encased inside of) some sort of radioactive material. Generally speaking, the most likely candidates for this radioactive material are:

Cobalt-60 : obtainable from many medical radiation devices (old NMRI or X-ray machines of various types). While only a few ounces of Co60 would be obtained from any one device, it is rather pure, and finding older devices in junkyards isn't terribly difficult.

Thorium : obtainable from any "rare-earth" mine, as a waste product. It would require some refinement to remove much of the "junk" inside the mine tailings. But this is not terribly difficult. The amount of reprocessing would likely be substantial, however (that is, to get a good amount of Thorium, you'd have to likely reprocess several tons of waste).

Spent Reactor Fuel : this is perhaps ideal. It contains all sorts of various radioactive materials, and in a concentrated form. It is also obtainable with some modest effort.

Uranium tailings : obtained from any uranium mine, the waste tailings are generally sufficiently radioactive to be useful in a radiological bomb. Minor reprocessing to remove non-Uranium (i.e. ordinary rock) from the tailings would significantly improve the purity.

Cesium (particularly Cs-137) : is found in a variety of industrial and medical devices. However, it generally is only found in very very small quantities, or else in some form of compound requiring significant processing to remove the pure Cs. This is probably the least likely source.

Overall, for a well-financed and well-organized terrorist organization, I would think that hijacking or stealing spent reactor fuel is the best source for creating a dirty bomb. If they can set up a small reprocessing plant (which isn't difficult to do) in some remote location, Thorium tailings are the likely choice, since they're much easier to steal and no-one is keeping track of Thorium thefts.

Side effects of ozone as disinfection?

Usually only cost. Equipment to make and apply ozone to match a target dose has a payback of 3 - 10 years, and doubling the ozone makes the payback centuries.

Ozone does not affect hardness, will not reduce BOD (only COD), and does not provide a long-term kill necessary for, say, a water distribution system. Ozone works well as *one* of the tools of water treatment, not the only tool.

What is 2.3 bar in psi?

2.3 bar is equivalent to approximately 33.4 psi.

What is an anye dismuke?

She is the most beautiful and awesome friend anyone can have!

(verb) Funny and talks alot...

What are phosphorescent materials?

These materials absorb light energy in the day and they are able to give off this energy in the dark or at night. Some examples of these materials are glow in the dark stickers, glow in the dark watches and glow in the dark bouncy balls.

Why Condensation water on wall in hallway?

Probably because a humidifier is turned up too high (in the winter), or because the air conditioner is turned up too high (summer). IIf it is the first, turn the humidifier down, iff it is the second, you may need to use a dehumidifier to remove some moister from the air.

How much do quartz crystals used for piezoelectricity cost?

The cost of quartz crystals used for piezoelectricity can vary depending on factors such as size, quality, and quantity purchased. On average, they can range from a few dollars to a few hundred dollars per crystal. Bulk purchases may be more cost-effective.

Which 2 properties of copper depend on the delocalized electrons to flow through the metal?

Electrical Conductivity is pretty obvious. Copper is an excellent conductor due to delocalized electrons.

The second property is a little more tricky... but we know that copper (and many metals are very malleable). Salts, and various crystals are not malleable. So... a quick internet search shows up with:

Metallic Bonding

According to Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bond

Electron Delocalization is one of the primary factors for Metallic Bonding.

The properties of metallic bonded materials include:

  • strength
  • malleability
  • ductility
  • thermal conductivity
  • electrical conductivity
  • opacity
  • luster
Perhaps this is also one of the reasons why Diamond is very rigid, yet Graphite, and in particular carbon fiber is relatively flexible.

Why is steel used in buildings?

Steel is commonly used in buildings due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, which allows for tall and durable structures to be built. Steel is also versatile, easily shaped and modified to fit different architectural designs. Additionally, steel is resistant to corrosion and fire, making it a reliable material for supporting structures in buildings.

What is the difference between kevlar and nylon?

Nomex is not a brand name of Kevlar. Nomex and Kevlar are both trademarked names for different, although similar, composite fibers. They are both ring compounds based on benzene. The difference is that Kevlar has para-oriented aromatic rings, making it about five times stronger than Nomex. Nomex has meta-oriented rings with 120-degree bond angles, which helps it not melt at high temperatures. That's why Kevlar is used for bullet-proof vests and Nomex is used for firefighter uniforms.

http://www.stockcarscience.com/scienceTopics/scsDriverSafety_Firesuit.php

What is non-newtonian colloidal suspension?

The non-Newtonian rheology is calculated numerically to second order in the volume fraction in steady simple shear flows for Brownian hard spheres in the presence of hydrodynamic and excluded volume interactions. Previous analytical and numerical results for the low-shear structure and rheology are confirmed, demonstrating that the viscosity shear thins proportional to Pe2, where Pe is the dimensionless shear rate or Péclet number, owing to the decreasing contribution of Brownian forces to the viscosity. In the large Pe limit, remnants of Brownian diffusion balance convection in a boundary-layer in the compressive region of the flow. In consequence, the viscosity shear thickens when this boundary-layer coincides with the near-contact lubrication regime of the hydrodynamic interaction. Wakes are formed at large Pe in the extensional zone downstream from the reference particle, leading to broken symmetry in the pair correlation function. As a result of this asymmetry and that in the boundary-layer, finite normal stress differences are obtained as well as positive departures in the generalized osmotic pressure from its equilibrium value. The first normal stress difference changes from positive to negative values as Pe is increased when the hard-sphere limit is approached. This unusual effect is caused by the hydrodynamic lubrication forces that maintain particles in close proximity well into the extensional quadrant of the flow. The study demonstrates that many of the non-Newtonian effects observed in concentrated suspensions by experiments and by Stokesian dynamics simulations are present also in dilute suspensions.

Describe the pressure and distance relationship between two pressure systems that would cause the strongest winds?

the strong air is caused by big farts and burps that reach up into the atmosphere and it comes back down and people all over the world smell it and it really stinks cause its like alot of freakin farts by really big fat obese people that eat everything sight who's addicted to chocolate and cheese. Then the earth spins on it axis and then the air moves really fast in the direction the earth is spinning and so then the really big fat obses people take a big dump in the oceans cuase toilets break when they sit on it and oceans are the only toilet that fits and the fishes have to eat too.

hope this helps XD

What is pressure indicator?

A pressure indicator is a device that measures and displays the pressure of a substance in a system. It is commonly used in various applications to monitor pressure levels and ensure they are within safe or desired ranges. Pressure indicators can come in analog or digital form and are essential for maintaining the efficiency and safety of many processes.

Mumbai weather in November hot or cold?

In November day time temperature (MAX TEMP) is around 33o-34o C with humidity is 50-65 %, while nights are warmer with temperatures (MIN TEMP) is revolving around 19o-20o C which makes night comfertable...

Is gasoline a strong electrolyte?

No, gasoline is not an electrolyte. It does not typically dissociate into ions in solution to conduct electricity.

Why the Coordination number in simple cubic is 6?

The coordination number is simply the number of nearest neighbours of an atom/ion. Look at or draw a cube, you will see it has 6 faces or sides. If the neighbours are arranged like a cube around the central atom/ion, there are 6 nearest neighbours just as there are 6 faces: 4 around the body of the cube, 1 above and 1 below.

Dfd diagram of training and placement cells?

A DFD (Data Flow Diagram) of a training and placement cell would typically include processes like student registration, job posting, resume submission, interview scheduling, and placement tracking. Data flows would involve information such as student details, job requirements, interview feedback, and placement status. The diagram would show how these elements interact and flow within the system to facilitate the training and placement processes efficiently.

What is a fraction tower?

A fractioning tower, (also known as a fractioning column) is a tower, where crude oil, found underneath the sea bed is placed into the tower.

The tower then heats up the oil, which causes it to evaporate, and then begins to move up the tower. As the evaporated oil moves up the tower, some of the hydrocarbons in the oil begin to condense at different temperatures. These hydrocarbons are then used by consumers.

How do you use electromagnetic energy?

You get a magnetic field whenever a current flows through a wire,

you get an electromagnetic field whenever the current changes.

Run a varing current into a wire of correct length (about a quarter of a wave-length)

and you have an antena. (that's the way radios & TVs work)

The pressure acting on 50 cubic meters of gas is raised from 200 kPa to 400 kPa The temperature remains constant What is the new volume?

Using Boyle's Law, we can calculate the new volume by dividing the initial pressure by the final pressure and multiplying it by the initial volume. New Volume = (Initial Pressure / Final Pressure) * Initial Volume = (200 kPa / 400 kPa) * 50 cubic meters = 25 cubic meters.

What is engineering control?

Engineering controls eliminate or reduce exposure to a chemical or physical hazard through the use or substitution of engineered machinery or equipment. Examples include self-capping syringe needles, ventilation systems such as a fume hood, sound-dampening materials to reduce noise levels, safety interlocks, and radiation shielding.

Does acetylene smell?

Yes acetylene smells, it smells like garlic.

Is plutonium an alloy?

No, plutonium is not mined.

Plutonium can be found accompanying uranium minerals but only in insignificant traces.

Plutonium is obtained as an industrial product in nuclear reactors.

Chemical and mechanical properties of Q 235 B?

Q235B is a low carbon structural steel with good weldability, machinability, and ductility. It has a yield strength of 235 MPa, tensile strength of 375-460 MPa, and an elongation of 26%. It is commonly used in construction, bridges, and machinery manufacturing due to its versatility and cost-effectiveness.