Europe

The Age of Exploration brought out four European Great Powers. In the beginning, Spain and Portugal were the only explorers and claimed the most land. But then, France and Great Britain also became major players. In the end, Great Britain was the most powerful country. So throughout the period of exploration, power shifted from Spain to Great Britain.

The answer is galic the Irish language.

im only 82years old and im a genius x

Nothing!

The Gulf Stream, it being in midlatitude, and westerly winds

179

Norway.

To answer this question I am going to start at the pinnacle of the Medieval papacy. All western church government centralized in the papacy during the middle ages. After 604 and before 1073 several factors contributed to the Pope's growing power. The Roman bishops became skilledpoliticians and they balanced Italy's secular rulers against each other through strategic alliances. Feudalism also represented a strong hierarchical concept. The chain of command descended from the Holy Roman Emperor to serfs. The Catholic organization saw the power descend from the Pope to the lowliest communicant. The Roman Bishop appeared to be neutral western power and became the arbitrator in numerous differences The popes also extended political control over a widening area and they made use of Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals and other documents. Between 604-1073, Nicholas I was the most powerful Pope. He used the Decretals to establish increased papal power and disposed bishops. Gregory VII ( or Hildebrand) showed great strength when he forced Henry IV to kneel before him as an ex communicant begging forgiveness. Others followed, but none so significant as Innocent III ( 1160-1216) Innocent from a noble Roman family had legal and theological education. He became Pope in 1198 and from the start set out to build a strong papal state in Italy free from interference by secular rulers. He maintained the right of jurisdiction over kings and princes as well as all church offices. He said that no King can rule unless he submits to the Pope. The fourth Lateran Council in 1215 marked the rein of Innocent. This council stated such Catholic doctrines as transubstantiation, formalized canons that made divorce more difficult and ordered bishops to inspect churches to assure the support of certain schools. The council instructed the laity to respect church property, obey ecclesiastical courts and observe marriage rules. Innocent died after sitting in Peter's chair for 19 years. After his death of papacy began to decline. It began with Boniface (1294-1303) called the last of the medieval popes. He tried to rule the Kings like Innocent, but that Europe no longer existed. Regions had developed a national identity and Popes no longer had total domination. Instead people began to become loyal to rulers. From the start Boniface had problems with France's Philip the Fair and England's Edward I. Both kings levied taxes on the clergy and Boniface promised excommunication to rulers who tax without his approval. Philip immediately retaliated forbidding the exportation of silver and gold and cut all papal revenues from France. King Edward refused to protect clergyman summoned to Rome and that made travel impossible. To make matters worse Philip arrested Bernard the Bishop of Pamiers and a papal legate on a charge of treason in 1301. When Bernard was convicted Boniface stated that the state could not judge clerics, but Philip had enough support to reject papal demands. On December 5, 1301 Boniface issued Ausculta fili in which he argued the church's superiority over the state. France and England ignored it. On November 18, 1302 the Pope issued Uman Sanctum as the day he would depose Philip and place France under interdict. The French Parliament declared the Pope without authority in civil matters and the King responsible to none but God. Philip grew tired of Boniface and sent men to Italy in 1303 to capture him. He was held prisoner in Anagni for three days and then the towns people rescued him. Philip's men had beaten and treated Boniface shamefully and he died within a month. Benedict IX (1303-1304) followed Boniface, but he was poisoned after 9 months as pope. Clement V (1305-1314) was selected and was a friend of the French King. He agreed to be crowned in France and political considerations kept him in France. He ultimately moved the entire papal court to the city of Avignon. The papacy reminded there for almost 70 years. The French dominated the church during the whole Avignon period. All seven popes during the period were French . As the popes resided at Avignon Rome stagnated. The population dwindled, buildings fell apart, and conditions got very bad. Romans called for the pope's return as early as 1305, but Italian politics interfered. In 1365 Pope Urban V (1362-1370) prepared to return , but 3 years later he returned to Avignon in September, got sick in November and died in December. Gregory XI (1370-1378) became pope and committed himself to return to Rome, but he didn't return until 1377. With the return to Rome the Avignon period ended. Gregory died in March 1378. Since he died in Rome the Cardinals could select the new pope in Rome. Most of the Cardinals were French and wanted the papal court to return to Avignon, but since it had been 75 years since a papal election was held in Rome the Romans were determined to see the Pope remain and an Italian elected. Urban VI was elected Pope 1378-1389. Urban hated French domination and spent his early church service becoming suspicious of everyone. Rather than seek good relationships with the French Cardinals he accused them of greed, immorality, simony, or neglect of office. Things grew so bad that the French Cardinals left Rome and reassembled in Anagni. They declared Urban's election invalid and the chair empty. They appointed a Frenchman Clement VII as Pope and returned to Avignon with their new "pope". Urban dismissed all French Cardinals and replaced them with Italians. Europe began to chose sides. Poland, Hungary, Germany, England, Italy and the Scandinavian countries sided with Rome. France, Scotland, Spain, southern Italy sided with Avignon. This lasted 40 years and caused a great deal of confusion in Europe. Today the Catholic Church recognizes Urban VI as the true pope and Clement VII as an anti- Pope.

Sofia is the capital city of Bulgaria.

ESCP Europe's motto is 'Our World is Open, Talented and Progressive. Is Yours ?'.

Sweden

cash just playing its rhu

The Mongols were never able to expand to Western Europe, the farthest west they could get was Eastern Europe.

It was not the Roman Republic as such which gave a major contribution to Western European culture. It was Roman civilisation, including both the period of the republic and the period of rule by emperors.

The main legacies of the Romans are religion, the alphabet, language, the calendar, law, architecture and literature.

Christianity developed from a religion among a small group of Jews (who lived in Judea, which was part of the Roman Empire) into a mass religion in the Roman days. It spread around the Roman Empire. It became state religion. Catholic Christianity and Orthodox Christianity developed during the Later Roman Empire. They were originally called Latin or Western Christianity and Greek or Eastern Christianity respectively. The former was the main form of Christianity in the western part of the Roman Empire and the latter was the main form of Christianity in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.

Western European languages have adopted and adapted the Latin alphabet. The only letters in the English language which do not come from the Latin alphabet are J, U and W.

Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian are languages derived from Latin (Romance languages). Many Latin words or words of Latin origin have entered English via two routes. One was that Latin was the language of the church in the Middle Ages. The other was the Norman conquest of England. French became the court language and many French words entered into the English language. These words are usually of Latin origin.

Many international words in medicine, law and theology are Latin.

The calendar we use is the Gregorian calendar. It is named after the minor modifications made by the calendar instituted by Julius Caesar (Julian calendar) by Pope Gregory XII in 1582. Therefore, we basically use the Roman calendar. We also use translations of the Roman names for the months.

The civil law of many European countries are based on Roman law.

The Romans influenced European architecture, sculpture and painting until the early 20th century. They influenced the art of the Renaissance (14th-15th century) Baroque (17th-18th century) and Neoclassicism (18th-20th century, and is still sometimes used today). Palladian architecture was also based on Roman architecture. It was popular from the 17th century to the 20th century and was often used for public buildings. Latin literature was very influential in European literature until the mid-20th century.

Australia , China, Brazil and India are the leading producer of iron or ferrous.

I think that has to be Reims.

No country has to pay to join the European Union. However, countries are obliged to pay taxes to the European Union, which causes them to tax their own citizens.

Podgorica is the capital of Montenegro. It is located in Southeastern Europe.

Muslim or musslumen

London measures 1,572.1km sq, and why are you looking at this on wiki answers when wikipedia would obviously have the answer?

Kempton is located in Tasmania, 49 kilometres north of Hobart. The village was first settled by Europeans in the year 1814. It is a small town with various historical landmarks such as the Dysart House, and the Wilmot Arms Inn.

It's called Eurasia. It is technically connected to Africa by the Suez canal, the two combined are known as Afro-Eurasia.

The European Environmental Agency is an agency within the European Union that operates inside and outside of the EU. Its main purpose is to provide information on the environment (its standings, how its going to be in the future, how you can help keep it clean, etc.) and to help keep the environment clean.

The areas of Europe that likely believed in Christianity was the western part of Europe, which is Spain and Italy.

No. Ireland is an independent country.