The diagnosis of congestive heart failure is typically made based on a combination of symptoms (such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling), physical exam findings (such as abnormal heart sounds or fluid retention), imaging tests (such as echocardiogram), and blood tests (such as BNP levels). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare provider is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Connective tissue fibers in the heart provide structural support and help maintain the shape of the heart. They also help anchor the heart valves in place and provide a framework for the heart's electrical conduction system to function properly.

The sinus venosus in the heart receives unoxygenated blood from the veins of the body, specifically the cardinal veins and vitelline veins. This blood is then pumped into the atrium of the heart to begin the circulation process.

An amphibian heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the lungs (in the case of frogs and some salamanders) or through its skin (in the case of certain salamanders and caecilians) to the rest of the body. This oxygen-rich blood is then distributed to tissues and organs to support their metabolic needs.

Yes, red blood cells contain hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues throughout the body. Carbon dioxide is then picked up by red blood cells and transported back to the lungs to be exhaled. This vital process helps maintain the body's balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The Left Ventricle has to send blood all through the body. This requires more force, therefore more muscle.

The valves of the heart open and close due to changes in pressure within the chambers of the heart. When the pressure in a chamber is higher than in the chamber next to it, the valve opens to allow blood to flow through. When the pressure equalizes or reverses, the valve closes to prevent backflow.

deoxygenated

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Blood passes through the right atrium to the right atrioventricular valve, or "AV valve" for short, into the right ventricle during pulmonary contraction.

valves

A drop of blood returning from the body enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, travels to the lungs for oxygenation, returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and is then pumped out to the body through the aortic valve.

Heart muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, are long and cylindrical in shape with multiple branching structures. They contain multiple nuclei and a high density of mitochondria to support their continuous contractile activity. Additionally, these cells are interconnected through specialized structures called intercalated discs, which allow for coordinated contraction of the heart muscle.

Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) has clasping auricles at the base of its leaves. These auricles wrap around the stem, helping the plant to climb and twine around other vegetation.

Carbon dioxide is at high levels and oxygen at low levels in blood that is being pumped from the heart to the lungs.

It can take as little as 100 milliamps to potentially stop a human heart. However, factors like individual health, duration of exposure, and the path the current takes through the body also play a role.

The main function of the heart is to pump oxygen-rich blood throughout the body, supplying cells with nutrients and removing waste products. This process ensures that organs and tissues receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to function properly.

It takes about 1 minute for the heart to circulate blood through the entire body.

The heart needs a combination of cardiac muscle tissue for contraction, nervous tissue to help regulate the heartbeat, and connective tissue to provide structural support. Having only cardiac tissue would limit the heart's ability to function properly and regulate its rhythm efficiently. The different types of tissues work together to ensure effective pumping of blood throughout the body.

The DNA in all of your cells is the same because it contains the same genetic information. While brain cells and heart cells have different functions and characteristics, they both derive from the same original DNA template during development. The unique expression of genes in each type of cell leads to their specialized functions and structures.

Yes. There are many sample questions for the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) Junior Research Fellowships (JRF) which you can find in the related link given below. You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader to view the questions.

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The first heart sound "lub" is caused by the closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves during the beginning of systole (ventricular contraction). The closure of these valves creates vibrations in the surrounding fluid and tissues, resulting in the characteristic sound.

The defect of having a third chromosome 21 is known as Trisomy 21, which causes Down syndrome. This genetic condition leads to intellectual disabilities, characteristic facial features, and an increased risk of certain health issues.

Salivary amylase, also known as ptyalin, is an enzyme secreted by the salivary glands in the mouth that helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates in food.

Oxygen leaves the body through the process of respiration. During inhalation, oxygen is taken into the lungs and transferred to the bloodstream, where it is then distributed to cells in the body. As cells use oxygen for metabolic processes, carbon dioxide is produced and exchanged back through the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is exhaled out of the body.