Ancient Wars

The Spartan Admiral Eurybiades led the Greek naval contingent to victory over the Persians at the sea battle of Salamis .

The Persians did not defeat the Spartans. If you are talking about the engagement at Thermopylai, the Greek force holding the pass was evacuated and the Spartan element (King Leonidas' personal bodyguard) stayed behind to allow then to withdraw unscathed. They were eventually overwhelmed in carrying out this selfless sacrifice.

Themistocles was the Athenian leader who sank most of the Persian fleet at Salamis.

Iron itself is actually very soft. Wrought iron and steel were the types of iron used by the Romans. The Romans used Noric steel for many of its weapons. The use of steel dates back 4,000 years, so it is not a modern invention as stated above. You can confirm this on Wikipedia under Steel, Noric steel, and Roman metallurgy.

See Thucydides Peloponnesian War and Xexephon A History of My Times.

At one point it was Athens but they turned on Sparta.

Because France did not exist at that time. England did not exist neither.

Those two lands were populated by different tribes.

No. They did not get further south than Athens.

It caused Greece to be divided.

If you are referring to Roman solders, no emperor did this. Roman citizens could not be crucified by law. Crucifixion was reserved for slaves and foreigners. Crassus had 6,oo slaves crucified along the Appian Way from Rome to Capua (near Naples) when he finally defeated the slave rebellion historians have called the Third Servile War in 71 BC. However, at that time Rome was still a Republic and did not have an emperor. Titus had jews crucified when the captured and destroyed jerusalem. However, at that time he was not an emperor yet.

Goths, Vandals and Huns

he Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. The Greek army decisively defeated the more numerous Persians, marking a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars.

Yes they had weapons for hunting and for fighting. They used bronze and made weapons of iron. They had javelins, crossbows, axes, slings and bows. They even were known to put poison on their weapons.

They allowed local cities and tribes to govern themselves according to their own customs, with overall provincial governors to maintain peace and external protection. And kept taxation to reasonable levels.

In 499 BC several Greek cities in Asia Minor rebelled against Persian rule. To help their fellow Greeks, two city-states in mainland Greece - Eretria and Athens - sent soldiers to join the fight against the Persians.

The Persians put down the revolt, but Darius recognised there would be ongoing problems of interference from mainland Greece so he sent an expeditionary force to brig Eretria and Athens to heel. This was turned back at Marathon, so he decided to bring all the mainland cities uder control. He died and his son Xerxes carried out the plan, which was defeated in three battles - Salamis, Plataea and Mycale.

Xerxes I of Persia was defeated in the naval battle of Salamis by Athenian admiral Themistocles .

When people refer to the fall of Rome, they ware usually referring to 476 AD, when the last West Roman Emperor was deposed, and the East Roman Emperor was asked to unite the offices of the two emperors. The fall of Rome was a long, drawn out affair that actually began well before 476 and lasted until well after. And my guess is that at the time, very few people noticed any sudden change between how things were before and after.

The government of the Roman Empire continued to survive in Constantinople until 1453.

The Senate of the West Roman Empire continued to function separately from the East Roman Empire until 603. It may have continued after that, but that is the last date for any action we know of it did.

Clearly the Church continued to function. And so did the governments of all the various Germanic kingdoms that had already sprung up: Franks, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, and so on, for varying amounts of time.

There are links below for more information.

An end to the civil wars, with a guided oligarchical system of government.

Relative peace.

Stable, defensible boundaries to the Roman Empire.

Effective control of the armies.

Read his own testament in the attached link below.

The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius ruled from AD 161-180.

Yes they captured western Libya (Tripolitania) from its Berber people in 106 BCE, but were given eastern Libya (Cyrenaica) in 74 BCE under the will of its last Greek king Ptolemy displaced the last Greek king in 106 BCE.

See the list in the site Greek Wars in the separate panel Sources and related links below.

An ancient Greek foot soldier was called a hoplite.

The conquerors of the Greek and Persian were Greeks, Persians, various Asiatics, Romans, Muslims, Turks, Mongols and others.

Melos

And in 80 BCE the Jewish King Alexander Jannaeus demolished the city 'because the inhabitants would not agree to adopt the national custom of the Jews' ie Convert to Judaism.