Ancient Wars

He told them that Athens and its empire was stronger than the Peloponnesian League.

While Athens had plenty of money from its empire, the Peloponnesians had no such east money to finance a war; the Athenian navy was stronger - the Peloponnesians were farmers, not sailors; that Athens' fortifications were impregnable to land attack; and Athens' fleet was capable of invading the Peloponnesian cities while the home city was safe.

With this balance of power in Athens' favour, he told them to reject the Spartan ultimatum to lift the Athenian sanctions on Megara and accept war.

Neither side foresaw more than a dispute to be resolved by a battle or two, not the devastating 27-year war which ensued.

Justinian became the emperor of the old eastern part of the Roman empire in 527 AD CE. At this time historians refer to his rule as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

Perhaps his most notable contribution to his empire was the revision of old Roman laws that were antiquated and out of date with the times. This revision of the laws was called the Justinian Code.

The Code did away with contradictory laws and thus straightened the fabric of the empire by creating a workable & fair legal system.

At the time of the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) Israel was under control of the Persian Empire, and so in no position to intervene in any of the Greek wars, not that it would have had any reason to meddle in Greek affairs anyway.

Firstly, most of the panoply of arms to qualify as a warrior remained bronze - the armour and helmet. The steel spearhead was just better than the bronze one. And none of it was cheap.

More important citizenship depended on the full panapoly of arms, which could be inherited, bought or taken from a fallen enemy. So the ordinary citizen got his status from one of these methods.

The ordinary citizen, who was an armoured warrion, was also a farmer, who was prepared to fight to protect his livelihood. So they were part of a community which banded together to defend their properties.

Thus the city-state depended on its citizens, and the citizens depended on the city-state to provide the power of the combined citizen-soldiers and the sanctuary of its walls. Government came to be exercised by these soldier-farmers as they held ultimate response power. The distribution of power became a negotiable compromise between the aristocracy and the farmers on whom they relid.

It is a formation that was used in roman wars by Romans. It was by giving some solders forming a line in front to warn for enemies.

When Rome finally captured Carthage in 246 BCE the city was destroyed including its monuments and the population sold into slavery to prevent the Carthaginians ever again becoming a threat to Rome. A few years later retiring Roman legionaries were settled on the site and the city and new temples were rebuilt by them.

Persian naval forces were defeated by a Greek naval coalition under the command of the Spartan Admiral Eurybiades.

They were Amazons, ruled by their queen Penthesilea.

The Spartan admiral Eurybiades.

The battle of Marathon is a notable example how a smaller , yet determined , force (Greek) which is heavily armoured with superior tactics can decisively defeat a numerically superior enemy (Persian) .

Provincial government: maintenance of peace and collection of taxes.

They left the local city and tribal governments to continue to administer their areas.

Ancient Rome had originally fought as part of a phalanx similar to the Greek version. A evolution of change began when the Roams found out at the River Allia, this formation could be subject to an envelope tactic which enabled the attackers to penetrate the Roman flanks. In time the phalanx was therefore discarded into the legion.

The Greek fleet lost the naval battle of Artemesion to the Persians. As the defence of the Thermopylai pass had been to force the naval battle, the force holding the pass was withdrawn as having no further purpost.

A second successful sea battle was fought at Salamis.

He realised that this failed attempt to take over Eretria and Athens would encourage othe Greek city-states to intervene in his empire so he determined to bring all the mainland Greek city-states under control of a Persian provincial governor. He bribed some of the cities to agree to this, and planned to mount an expedition to bring the rest under control. He died before he could do this and left it to his son and successor King Xerxes. His attempt failed at the battles of Salamis, Plataea and Mycale in 480-479 BCE.

The last heir to a royal throne to die in battle was Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. He was killed in the Battle of France on May 26, 1940.

At the critical battles of Salamis, Plataea and Mycale the numbers engaged on both sides were about even.

Dorian, Aitolian, Ionian.

'Annals' was written by Tacitus .

There is no film about Amanirenas only documentaries.

the climate allows for fertile soil and vegetation

1. Splitting the superior Persian fleet - sending false information to the Persian commander that they would seek to escape from the strait at Salamis through the exit to the west past Mxxxx. This caused the Persians to send a third of his fleet around to block this, and the odds in the battle were evened.

2. Also suggesting to the Persian commander that the Athenian contingent might defect. This kept the Persian fleet at sea at the oars all night and they were exhusted when they attacked the following morning.

3. The Greek fleet remained in the strait near Salamis, which meant the Persian fleet had to split and enter the bay of Salamis around both sides of the island of Psyttalia in two lines and were strung out, allowing the waiting Greek ships to attack the flanks of the lines.

4. With the fight in the narrow waters of the bay, the heavier Persian ships were vulnerable to the lighter more manoeuverable Greek ships using their rams to sink them.

A well thought out plan, which succeeded. The Greeks had learnt from their previous failed attempt at Artemesion next to Thermopylai.

The Battle of Thermopylae was a defeat for the Greeks and therefore had no major influence on history. It merely held up the Persian advance for a while and provided a romantic image of military bravery for people in the future to look back upon.

The Battle of Marathon and the Battle of Salamis were much more important. These were the battles that, unlike Thermopylae, defeated the Persian invasions of Greece and secured the freedom of the Greek city states.

Since the Greek city states were the basis of European civilization, historically, it was important they remained free or the entire history of the world from then on would have been quite different!

Often by ramming them with specially-constructed rams built into the ship structure. Persian ships did the same but being larger usually tried to board. The agility of the Athenian ships gave an advantage.