Ancient Wars

For personal weapons they used a Gladius, a sword. They also had two Pilum (javelins or throwing spears) and a dagger called the Pugio.

Auxilliary troops carried bows and arrows. Some mounted troops carried heavier spears

They were backed up by artillery - the Ballista (a giant crossbow), the Onager (a catapult), and the Scorpio (a smaller crossbow)

Specially trained troops would also use slings to deliver 500 gram weights for a distance of up to 200 meters.

In 432 bce The Peloponnesian League declared the Athenians to have broken the peace .

The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta was a conflict lasting from 431 to 404 BC .

The Roman civilisation had the patricians, who were the aristocrats, and the plebeians, who were the commoners. However, these were not the only two groups. There were also the equites (equestrians, cavalrymen) who were a group of bankers, moneylenders, merchants and investors in shipping and mining.

They were able to get back to their usual occupation of fighting each other.

Socrates who taught Plato

Plato who taught Aristotle

Aristotle who taught Alexander the Great

Archimedes the mathematician

Pericles the creator of democracy

Herodotus the historian and depicter of the Persian Wars

Achilles the Greek soldier that created the Trojan Horse

Homer the poet and depicter of the Battle of Troy

Iktinos, Kallikrates and Phidias (not Archimedes' father), Architects of the Parthenon

The Crimean War was fought between October 1853 - February 1856.

Mostly wicker.

Alexander the great was represented as the great horn that was broken off in Daniel 8:8 and 8:21-22.

Nothing. Greek athletes performed naked.

Explain 'hole up'.

The Western Empire had become progressively fragile through internecene warfare and the rise of Germanic incursions. The lack of stability and precariousness of the western imperial power enabled the Germanic intrusion to grow, and after the deposition of Romulus Augustus and then Nepos by rebellious soldiers, the Senate appointing Odovacer as King of the Western Empire to restore stability.

Odovacer self-deprecatingly called himself Patrician, but was effectively king of the west until murdered by another Germanic replacement Theodric who was backed by the Eastern Emperor Zeno. The Western empire was effectively in Germanic hands.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire it fell into disuse and disrepair, though still standing. During the Middle Ages it was used as housing and for churches. During the Renaissance it was pillaged by the good citizens of Rome who stripped it to use the marble on their own homes.

The upper part of the southern side of the Colosseum collapsed in an earthquake in 1349 because the soil under that side is less stable.

The Pax Romana brought several benefits to the people of the empire. The first of which was that there was no major wars. The empire was relatively peaceful. Because of this trade and commerce flourished bring prosperity to the empire in general and to Rome in particular. This prosperity enabled all people in the empire to raise their standard of living. Travel was relatively safe. The roads were good. People were able to access the main educational centers of the empire such as Greece and Alexandria without fear of pirates or too many dangerous "highway incidents."

Augustus was the man who not only transformed the physical city of Rome, but he transformed the government from the decayed republic to the principate. He initiated a lasting peace, secured the borders and professionalized the army. Under his rule art and literature flourished and the empire prospered. He set the example for all the immediate following emperors.

The Punic Wars ultimately ended in the complete and utter destruction of Carthage.

The First Punic War was fought over Sicily. It was an important grain producing region, and Carthage very much wanted it as their own. It was primarily a naval war, taking place in the Mediterranean between North Africa (Carthage) and Italy (Rome).

Carthage failed in the First Punic War, lost any chance at Sicily, had to pay huge war debts to Rome and ultimately fell into the Mercenary War afterwards (mercenaries who fought for Carthage during the First Punic War rose up against Carthage, angry at their control in Libya), since their kingdom was hugely destabilised.

The Second Punic War was fought over Spain (huge generalization there, but that's the basic bit of information.) After the First Punic War, Rome went off and fought in the Adriatic and were distracted while Carthage (now with the great general Hannibal) set up camp in Spain.

Hannibal attacked a Spanish city that was allied with Rome, then crossed the Alps (a move that no one expected him to make) and beat the Romans all the way back to their capital city, though he was never able to get inside Rome. He devastated the rest of Italy, however, and basically paraded up and down the peninsula, taunting Rome. They were at a stalemate, however.

So Rome decided to attack the city of Carthage directly while Hannibal is doing his victory lap through Italia. They set sail for Carthage and simultaneously cut off Hannibal's supply ships, forcing Hannibal to return home and fight the Battle of Zama, which he lost.

The result for Carthage here was their total submission to Rome, which held the right to approve most anything that Carthage did. Carthage's empire was reduced down to only the city that is its' namesake.

The Third Punic War was the killing blow for Carthage. Rome sort of made a half hearted attempt and still completely crushed them. Carthage (the city) was sacked, burned to the ground, and everyone who had not died from famine or in the battle were made into slaves.

The story of Romans sowing the city's farmland with salt is debated, though I think modern sources agree that it is a later fabrication. There isn't any contemporary (ancient) proof that it actually happened.

Regardless, however, Carthage was utterly ruined.

Hannibal Barca. He led a Carthaginian army, not Carthage which was a city in North Africa. He crossed both the Pyrenees and the Alps to attack Italy in 218 BC at the beginning of the Second Punic War.

As Rome pursued its destruction of Carthage, the farmers who made up the Roman army were away from their properties, so not productive. Although their farms were protected by law, the owners of large estates took over increasing parts of the common land in their absence. This common land was crucial to the small farmer - his plot of about a hectare could provide grain and fruit, but the common land was necessary to provide grazing for the small farmers' ploughing oxen and was a source of tree products which augmented the farms.

In addition the prisoners sold off during the wars became a source of labour for the large landowners, who were thus able to dispense with the labour of free men, and out-competed in sale of produce. The iatifundia prospered and expanded, while the free men lost farms and livelihoods, ending up seeking work in the cities.

This also had an effect on the army, as these farmers provided its backbone. When the Germanic invasions threatened Rome in the late Second Century BCE, this source of soldiers could not cope and it became necessary to recruit the non-propertied class who had been exempt from service on the basis that landowners would fight for their land, and the landless could not be trusted or be held responsible to fight for other people's land. So the non-propertied class became the backbone of the army, and their generals after the war were responsible to get them land from conquered territories.

This way, for example, when Carthage was finally destroyed and its people enslaved, the landless Roman soldiers on discharge were given land at Carthage, and they became the new small farmers around the Roman Empire as it spread west and east.

In the early Roman Republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

In the early Roman republic the plebeians were the poor, working class people.

Trojan War 12th Century BCE, Peloponnesian War 5th Century BCE.

The city states of Athens and Sparta and their allies fought each other in the Peloponnesian War .

Leonidas