C Programming

Program documentation is an essential part of any computer program or application. The documentation specifies what each part of the code does, what events will be triggered during the course of the program, and makes sure that no part of the program is accidentally left off the interface or code.

If you are referring to the Linked Lists used in programming:

You can use the Linked lists you learn in c++ (for example) to define actual shapes in OpenGL (a graphics library), then just 'call' the shapes and apply transformations to them (moving them around, rotating, etc).

This method saves a lot of bandwidth between your CPU and video card as the shapes are defined already.

Hopes this answers your question

21!

#include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> # define n 10 void main( ) { int mat[n][n]; int d; // Input elements cout<< "\n Enter dimension of square matrix:"; cin >> d; for(int i = 0; i < d ; i++) for( int j = 0; j < d ; j++) {cout<<"\n Enter elements for "<< i+1 << "," << +1<"location :"; cin >> mat[i][j]; } clrscr(); //Print the array cout<<"\n The Original matrix : \n\n"; for( i = 0; i < d ; i++) {for( j = 0; j < d ; j++) cout<< mat[i][j]<<"\t"; cout<< "\n"; } //upper half of left diagonal..... cout<<"\n The Upper half of the matrix : \n\n"; for( i = 0; i < d ; i++) { for( j = 0; j < d ; j++) { if(i < j) cout << mat [i][j] << " " ; else cout << " " << " "; } cout << "\n "; } //lower half of left diagonal..... cout<<"\n The Lower half of the matrix : \n\n"; for( i = 0; i < d ; i++) { for( j = 0; j < d ; j++) { if(i > j) cout << mat [i][j] << " " ; else cout << " " << " "; } cout << "\n "; } getch ( ); }

C++ does not support octal encoding within source code (only decimal and hexadecimal are supported), so the octal must be represented with a string. The binary output must also be a string. Every octal digit represents three bits of binary, thus the binary output string will always be three times the length of the octal input string.

The loop will begin with the octal character at index 0 and work through each character from left to right. On each iteration, the binary output string will be appended with a 3-character string, as follows:

octal = binary

"0" = "000"

"1" = "001"

"2" = "010"

"3" = "011"

"4" = "100"

"5" = "101"

"6" = "110"

"7" = "111"

Thus octal input "437" will begin with the "4" producing an output of "100". On the next iteration, "3" will append "011" to produce "100011". On the final iteration, "7" will append "111" to produce "100011111".

There is no such thing as an instruction counter. You are either referring to the instruction register (IR) or the program counter (PC), The PC is more commonly known as the instruction pointer (IP). The IR and IP work together.

The IR fetches the instruction currently pointed to by the IP which is then incremented to refer to the next instruction. The IR is then decoded and executed and the cycle repeats ad infinitum (known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle). However, if the fetched instruction is a control transfer instruction (such as JMP), its execution will cause the IP to refer to another address which, in turn, causes execution to "branch" to a new section of code on the next fetch-decode-execute cycle.

Note that a low-level JMP is equivalent to a goto statement in high-level code, however code can also branch through high-level if and switch statements as well as structured loops such as for, while and do-while statements.

double would be %e, %f or %g (depending on the format you want), long int would be %ld or %lu (signed or unsigned), long double would be %Le, %Lf or %Lg.

Graphic User Interface. One of the main uses is so that you can use a mouse to interact with your computer. The system lays out your screen as a grid and "knows" where the cursor is and where your icons are with respect to that grid. When you "click" your mouse button, the computer checks the cursor's location and compares it to the graphic objects(such as icons) and does whatever action it is programed to do. For example if you hover the cursor over the icon for Internet Explorer and double-click(in Windows), the computer starts your IE browser.

In C a character already is its ASCII value:

char c= 'A';

printf ("%c is %d (0x%x hexa)\n", c, c, c);

Merge sort is O(n log n) for both best case and average case scenarios.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<alloc.h>

void main()

{

int i=-1,j;

char ch='y';

struct emp

{

int eno;

char ename[30];

int salary;

};

struct emp *p;

clrscr();

p=(struct emp *)malloc(sizeof(struct emp));

while(ch=='y'ch=='Y')

{

i++;

printf("\nenter the employee id:-");

scanf("%d",&p[i].eno);

printf("\nenter the employee name:-");

scanf("%s",&p[i].ename);

printf("\nenter the salary:-");

scanf("%d",&p[i].salary);

printf("\ndo you want to continue(Y|N):-");

scanf("%s",&ch);

}

printf("\ninfromation about employees\n");

printf("employee id| employeename| salary");

printf("\n-----------|-------------|-------\n");

for(j=0;j<=i;j++)

{

printf("\n%d | %s | \%d",p[j].eno,p[j].ename,p[j].salary);

}

getch();

}

/*--------------------OUTPUT--------------

enter the employee id:-101

enter the employee name:-peersaab

enter the salary:-12000

do you want to continue(Y|N):-y

enter the employee id:-102

enter the employee name:-santosh

enter the salary:-15000

do you want to continue(Y|N):-n

infromation about employees

employee id| employeename| salary

-----------|-------------|-------

101 | peersaab | 12000

102 | santosh | 15000

*/

#include<stdio.h>

int main(void) {

int a, b;

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%d\n%d\n", &a, &b);

printf("%d + %d = %d\n", a, b, a+b);

return 0;

}

Use this code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{int x;

for(x=0; x<27; x++)

if(x 26) cout<< "z" << endl;

return (0);

}

The programs written in Machine codes (like hexadecimal codes) are the Low level programs. These are understood only by the Microprocessor they are written for and written on.

Whereas the High level programs are written in English like languages which are human redable.

You can have more than one output-file opened in the same time, see manuals of functions fopen, fclose, fwrite, fprintf, ...

Thousands! Programming languages number in the thousands, from general purpose programming languages such as C++, Java, and others, to special purpose languages which are used in one application. They can be ordered by type (structured, object-oriented, functional, etc.) or by history, or syntax. See the related list of programming languages.

It is normally interpreted by another computer program. However subsets of the language can be compiled.

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int i,max=0,count=0,j;

char str[100]; /* ={"INDIA IS DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY"}; u can use a string inside,in place of user input */

printf("\nEnter the string\n:");

gets(str);

for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)

{

if(!(str[i]==32))

{

count++;

}

else

{

if(max<count)

{

j=i-count;

max=count;

}

count=0;

}

}

for(i=j;i<(j+max);i++)

printf("%c",str[i]);

getch();

}

yes you can but i am trying to find out where you can!!

Transversing

Accessing each record exactly once so that certain items in the record may be processed.(This accessing or processing is sometimes called 'visiting" the records.)

Searching

Finding the location of the record with a given key value, or finding the locations of all records, which satisfy one or more conditions.

Inserting

Adding new records to the structure.

Deleting

Removing a record from the structure.

Sometimes two or more data structure of operations may be used in a given situation; e.g., we may want to delete the record with a given key, which may mean we first need to search for the location of the record.

1. lightswitch --> light

2. Toaster --> toast (For timer-based toasters, only -- see below)

3. Water faucet --> water flow amount

4. Water faucets (hot/cold) --> water temperature in the sink or shower.

5. Temperature setting for the stovetop --> heat to cook food

6. TV remote control

7. Clothes dryer (timer based)

8. Volume on a stereo / home entertainment system

9. shades / blinds on a window --> 'regulating' the amount of light coming in from the outside.

10.

Closed loop:

1. Thermostat --> furnace (constant temperature)

2. Toaster setting (light/dark) --> toast (IF the toaster has heat sensors)

3. Refrigerator cold/hot setting --> refrigerator inside temperature (constant)

4. Temperatue setting for oven (not stovetop) --> oven temperature constant

5. Clothes dryer with moisture sensor

6. Washing machine water level

The solution is two use a nested for loop:

int startingNum = 1;

int maxNum = 10;

for(int currentNum = startingNum; currentNum <= maxNum; currentNum++)

{

for(int j = 0; j < currentNum; j++)

{

printf("%d", currentNum);

}

printf("\n");

}

A static variable in C is a variable whose value and memory allocation persists throughout the execution of the program. If the variable is declared at file scope (outside of any blocks) the static attribute means the variable is visible only to the file containing it, i.e. it can not be referenced through an extern reference in a different file.

Any type will do, here is an example:

for (leave= 0, nnum= 0; ! leave; ) {

rc= scanf ("%d", &number);

if (rc!=1 number==-1) { leave=1; continue; }

++nnum;

... do something with number ...

}