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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What is the relationship between the Seljuks and the Abbassids?
The Abbassids were inordinately weak by the time of the Seljuk Empire. They had already been conquered by the Persian Buyids and restricted to partial sovereignty in Baghdad and the neighboring environs. The Seljuks defeated the Buyids, wresting Mesopotamia away from them in 1055. From 1055-1157, Baghdad and the surrounding region was nominally Abbassid, but under full Seljuk control, even though there was an unsuccessful Abbassid rebellion in 1135. From 1157-1258, when the Mongols smashed it to the ground, the Abbassid Caliphate was once again independent. The Seljuk Empire collapsed even earlier, in 1194, and its territory was primarily swallowed up by the Sultanate of Khwarezm, which the Mongols also smashed to the ground.
What Muslim group accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as rightful rulers of Muslims?
There is no such group. The Umayyads were supported by the Sunnis because they had temporal power, but the Sunnis never had a requirement that the ruler need be a descendant of the Umayyads; their precondition for having the right to rule was having the power to effectively govern.
Perhaps this question confuses the Shiite requirement that a rightful ruler be a descendant of Ali ibn AbuTalib. Ali and the Umayyads were enemies and are in-no-way related.
What are the reasons for the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate?
They disliked the Abbasid rulers for several reasons. Some Abbasid rulers were found of easy living. They ignored their governments duties. They failed to protect merchants from attacks by robbers
What are the umayyads known for?
Umayyads were the descendants of Umayya whose father was Abd-Shams of the city of Mecca . Abd-Shams was a son of Abd Manaf ibn Qusai.
Abd Manaf ibn Qusai had another son by name Hashim whose son was the Prophet Mohammed.
What kind of Muslims were the Fatimids?
They were Shiite Muslims of the Ismaili (Sevener) School.
the Ismailis, who are a branch of shiite, consider the wasis of the Prophet to be: Ali, Husayn Ibn Ali,( they do not consider Imam Hasan among the Imams while twelve Imama Shiites consider Imam Hasan as second Imam)Ali Ibn Husayn al-Sajjad, Muhammad al-Baqir, Jafar Al-Sadiq, Ismail Ibn Jafar and muhammad Ibn Ismail. after this series there are seven descendants of muhammad ibn ismail whose names are hidden. after them, there are the first seven rulers of the fatimid caliphate of Egypt the first of whom, ubaydullah Al Mahdi, was the founder of the Fatimid dynasty. The ismailis believe that in addition to the proof of God , there are always present on earth twelve chiefs or naqib who are the companions and elite followers of the Proof.
What caused the safavid empire to fall?
The empire began in 1501 and the empire split into two groups in the mid-600's called Shia and Sunni.
What culture did the Safavids embrace?
During the Safavid Dynasty, women had considerable freedom and liberty compared to the other women of the time in different empires. They were not equal to the men, yet they had many rights that other women would not be granted until much later on (some women don't have this freedom even today). When the great Shah Abbas, the greatest and the most prosperous Shah that ever led the Safavid Empire, died in 1629, the empire seized to prosper (in many various ways). There were many other qualified and reasonably good Shah's that followed in his footsteps, but things weren't the same. One thing that drastically changed was this freedom that women had and had learned to appreciate.
At this point in time, they were forced to wear veils over their faces and long, thick clothing to cover their bodies. This not only showed the power of men and the weakness of women, but it was also extremely uncomfortable, since temperatures could get up to 103 degrees in the summer time. Most women spent their time in the home to avoid wearing the thick clothing and the hajab (the name of the veil), for at home the women could be "free" and wear what they wanted to
How did the Umayyads unite the Muslim states?
The Umayyads united the many lands and peoples of the Muslim Empire by sharing a common coinage, developing a common language, and building religious architecture. Sharing a common language enabled the Umayyads to bring the diverse cultures of their empire under control. Also, they developed a common coinage, having a common coinage made commerce between parts of the empire easier. And last, they built religious architecture like a mosque so they could praise and give thanks to Allah.
What did Abbasid scholars contribute to human knowledge?
Abbasid scholars significantly advanced human knowledge during the Islamic Golden Age through their contributions in various fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. They played a crucial role in preserving and translating ancient texts from Greek, Persian, and Indian sources, which facilitated the transmission of knowledge to Europe. Their establishment of institutions like the House of Wisdom in Baghdad fostered collaborative research and innovation. Moreover, they made original contributions, such as the development of algebra and advancements in medical practices, laying foundational principles that influenced future generations.
How did Judaism Christianity and Islam get along in Cordoba?
The country where people belonging to various religions live in harmony and unity makes progress in all fields of life. So happened in Islamic Spain where the Muslims, the Christians and the Jews lived in peace and harmony.
Why did the muslims take over the city of jerusalem in the 7th century?
Answer 1
Muslims live in Jerusalem even before the existance of Israel. They are there as there is in Jerusalem AlMasjid AlAqsa (or AlAqsa Mosque) that is considered the third holy mosque in Islam history.
Answer 2
Muslims live in Jerusalem because they were historic residents of the city. Jerusalem was under the control of various Islamic Empires continuously from 634 C.E. to 1099 C.E. and again continuously from 1187 C.E. to 1919 C.E. As a result many people indigenous to the city converted to Islam and additionally, some Muslims from other areas moved to the area during those centuries.
What do shiites believe about caliph?
The Sunni belief about the Caliph is to be elected and chosen among more than one nominee and not to be confined in the Prophet family through the nomination of Aly (may Allah be pleased with him) for being the closest relative to the prophet as his cousin and for being the husband of the prophet's daughter Fatima (Allah be pleased with her).
refer to question below for more information.
Who were the first five caliphs?
4 Khalifas :
Prophet Muhammed [Peace Be Upon Him] Had chosen 4 Khalifas, His Legitimate Successors, The 1st Khalifa was "Hazrat Abu Bakr as-Siddiq"(may Allah be pleased with him), The 2nd "Hazrat Umar al-Faruq"(may Allah be pleased with him), The 3rd "Hazrat Uthman Dhun-Nurayn"(may Allah be pleased with him) and the 4th "Hazrat Ali al-Murtada"(may Allah be pleased with him).
How were the first four caliphs related to Muhammad?
The First Caliph was Abu Bakr who was a very close and good friend of Muhammad (PBUH)
The second Caliph was Umar he was also a very good and close froend of Muhammad (PBUH)
Third was Ali he was married to one of Muhammad (PBUH)'s daughter Fatimah!
and fourth i dont know!...sorry!
What is the fourth caliph of Islam?
He was not killed by a single person. he was killed by a large group of Muslims together. after some times of starting his power he became a coppupted King. he took his relatives in governmental positions and he was eating too much and... so people hated him and finally killed him toghether. then people asked Imam Ali a.s. to get power so Talha and Zubair and Aisha who wished to get power accused Ali a.s. for killing of Uthman to use this as an excuse to fight Ali a.s. and get power. so they made the Camel war against Ali a.s.
What is the definition of caliph?
The English term 'caliph' means the civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth
Hint on the answer above:In Islam religion, no one who ever, even prophets, is considered representative of Allah (God in English) on earth. Otherwise, the caliph could not be debated and his sayings and doings should be accepted blindly, This is against Islam teachings and basic principles.
What was the position of women in the Abbasid Empire?
It depended on who they were married to or who their father was. The poorest women were actively engaged in local labor such as farm maintenance and servile work. They were responsible for maintaining the home. (They overall had a stronger economic impact than upper-class women.) Upper-class women were second class citizens, and did not have free movement. By free movement I mean, they were not free to travel whenever they felt like it, they were highly restricted. Dress was regulated by Islamic custom, which meant that most women, in addition to covering their arms up to their hands and legs up to their sandals, had to wear the hijab to cover their hair. (This is similar to modern Egyptian dress.)
It is important to note that the women of the Abbassid Empire were treated much better than woman in concurrent Empires like the Song in China or Castilla-Leon in Spain, but not as well as modern states like the United States or Turkey.
How do the Arabs view their emperor?
Answer 1
Arabs have no emperor, distinguish between Arabs and Islam.
Answer 2
There have been a number of Arab Emperors in the Umayyad, Abbassid, Fatimid, and other Arab Caliphates. The fact that these states were Islamic is only incidental to their Arab-ness or non-Arab-ness. There were Islamic non-Arab Caliphates such as the Buyids, the Seljuks, the Ottomans, and the Almohads. As for how Arabs viewed their numerous emperors, it depends on the emperor in question. Typically, though, they were seen as impious and far too interested in the pleasures of this world than following Islamic Law. As a result, many were reviled, especially Yazid I for his attack to eliminate Mohammed's family.
What division of Islam believes that only a relative of Prophet Muhammad is qualified to be caliph?
Answer
Shiites
Sunni Commentary on Shiite Islam
The answer above is right in one way, but misleading in another.
The Shiites are the ones who believe that. BUT . . . their doctrines are NOT Islamic.
Some persons who are Shiite may be considered Muslims, if they do not pray to other than Allah or all the other things they are taught. However their official doctrines teach all kinds of very very un-Islamic things. Beliefs and practices which violate the very basic principles of what Muhammad (peace be upon him) taught.
To research the topic, I suggest you go to You Tube and search: "Shiah". You will see for yourself. Even someone with only basic knowledge of Islam can see the deviations.
Shiite Commentary on Shiite Islam
Shia and Sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. Today there is up to 260 sects in Islam that are in two main categories of shia and sunni.
the conflict of shia and sunni has been always amplified by world Imperialism to prevent Islam from gaining power.
Shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.
Shia pray 5 times a day but usually do the 2, 3 and 4, 5 pray together and so may seem they do only 3 pray a day. there is some differences in details of pray like genuflect (for shia should be on a stone or part of earth and for sunni on carpet or floor ).
shia believe after death of prophet God selected the successive for prophet who is the political leader of Muslim community and people can not and does not the right to selected it.
Shia believes the Caliph (Representative of God in earth) is selected only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Quran 2:30) or "O David! We did indeed make thee a vicegerent on earth" (Quran 38:26) also other verses.
Shia believes such verses means only God can select an Islamic political leader (Caliph).
In Shia Islam Caliphs after prophet are 12 Imams and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (not absolute knowledge like knowledge of God) and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after even after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human Shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.
Shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph by people valid because God did not select him. They believe God ordered prophet to declare people that Ali is selected as successor of prophet and prophet did this mission many times during his prophet-hood and mainly in Ghadir event after last Hajj of his life at a 3-4 hour speech in front of 120,000 Muslims at Ghadir in hot desert after 2 days stop of long caravan for gathering and 3 days after speech for congratulations and homage of Muslims to Ali. Islam at that time had high power in world and Some companions had high interest in leadership position after prophet. Muslims knew that it is the final Hajj of prophet (predicted by prophet) and were going along with prophet to hear what prophet says at end of his life. Shia believes Ghadir event is the most important event of Islam and is mentioned in Koran in many verses like "Today" (اليوم) in verse 5:3 of Quran is the day of Ghadir. Or Verse 5:67 (O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith) is revealed at Ghadir day and is about declaring political leadership of Ali after prophet.
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims accept happening of Ghadir event But different interpret. Some Sunni writers tried to reject the event of Ghadir as declare of leadership of Ali and said at Ghadir prophet only wanted to say Ali is my friend and no one should bother him. Ali had 3 different missions to Yemen by prophet during 10 years and in 2 of them some companions of prophet had some conflicts with Ali and and prophet said some sayings about Ali to solve conflicts and some sunni writers have mixed stories of missions of Ali to Yemen with story of Ghadir to prove Ghadir event is not about Leadership of Ali and is not important.
Shia scholars believe some Sunni writers have changed and deviated historical evidences about political leadership of Ali in old historical books and republished them to destroy evidences of leadership of Ali from old Sunni books.
The famous Shia book Al-Ghadir (الغدير) by Allameh Amini is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Events written after referring to 100,000 Sunni books and full reading of 10,000 sunny books. Allameh Amini is a famous Shia scholar and spent 40 years of his life in travelling to access original old Sunni books in libraries in different countries to write this 20 volume book only from Sunni books and not using any Shia book. Some Sunni scholars tried to reply this book but then said if we want to reply this book we should first destroy all books of ourselves.
Shia doctrine have root in Karbala tragedy. When tragedy of Karbala happened most of Iranians understood there is two different kinds of Islam and after happening of Karbala tragedy most of Iranians became followers of "Ahl al-Bayt" and forgive their lives for them like what they did in Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War. Shia Muslims have at least 120,000 Hadith (saying) from The Fourteen Infallibles that is the base of Shia Islam along with Quran. Shia believes according to " Hadith of the two weighty things" The Fourteen Infallibles are the only valid interpreters of Quran and sayings of them are from God because they are Representative of God in earth and they do not say anything from themselves. Shia believes 12th of them (Mahdi) is alive and because people have killed all 11 Imams before him, he is in hide like Jesus and will come out of hide toghether with Jesus when people become ready and want to accept his leadership. All 11 Imams have been killed and during their life thy all have been in prison or under hard control of government to not have any political action. They never had enough serious followers to can get political power. Among them only the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was relatively free in his life to have only scientific activities (but banned from any political action) and so only he is known in west because he established university and had students from all over the world. Westerns know him as a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He never wanted be a famous man and only shared his knowledge with who wanted to learn. Some researchers consider his teachings the root cause of renaissance.
Sunni Muslims also accept Mahdi and his worldwide leadership as Caliph of God in earth at end of world. There is a famous Hadith from prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that Mahdi at hide is like sun behind cloud, he is hidden from people but people receive his benefits. Shia Muslims say some faithful believers have connection with Mahdi and use his knowledge. Shia Muslims believe that it is proved at least 1000 persons have had connection and talk with Mahdi during his hide period but Any one having relation with Mahdi keep it and does not declare it in public until is alive.
Shiaa Muslims
How did the first four caliphs die?
Hz. Abubakr (rath): died normally. Or there is a rivayah that the reason why he died when he died was the poison that a group of people gave him a year earlier. The poison was a special poison that affects after a year.
Hz. Umar (rath): was killed by a Persian Majusi when he was in prostration (prayer).
Hz. Uthmaan (rath): was killed at his home while he was reading the holy Qur'an and was fast. The suicide was ordered by a Jew called Abdullah bin Saba'. He was a Jew, but shew himself as Muslim and made too many fitnas.
Hz. Ali (rath): also was killed while he was going to the mosque for prayer. This suicide was also ordered by Abdullah bin Saba'.
I want those who see mistakes in my answer to correct them.
Thank you.
Allah is the Protector.
The last caliph was killed in 128?
This depends on what you mean by the word caliph. If you are referring to the rightfully guided Caliphs, who came right after the death of the Prophet Muhammad (S), then the last one, Hasan ibn Ali (RA) died in the year 50 After Hijra. There is debate about whether he or Ali ibn Abi Talib, his father, is the last of the rightfully guided Khalifas. Ali died in 40 AH.
The Caliphate, however, was never officially abolished until the year 1924 AD, or 1343 AH. The last Caliph, Abdulmecid the second of the Ottoman Empire, was forced to abolish his title upon the formation of the Republic of Turkey.
Who overthrew the umayyads and why?
the abbasids defeated the umayyads in the battle of the great zab in ad 750.they did this because the umayyads started ruling like kings.they started hunting and dancing and only kept the Arabs in the top position.they also made non-Arab Muslims pay more taxes than them.people became unhappy with the umayyads and that is why the abbasids started the war.
