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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What happened to the last umayyad rulers?
they got killed in a meeting about peace. well that's what it says in my social study's book
Who was the first Abbassid Caliph?
The Abbassids were ruled by Kings who styled themselves Caliphs (since all previous rulers of the Moslem Empires had done similarly. The First Abbassid Caliph is Abu Al-Abbas As-Saffah. He ruled from 750 CE to 754 CE and was succeeded by the Abbassid Al-Mansur (there is a different Umayyad Al-Mansur in Spain in the 900s).
How did Islam spread in the rule of first four caliphs?
632 years after the death of Mohammed, his first four successor. ABU "Kerr (632 ~ 634 in) the mayer ibn sina HaDaBu (634 ~ 644 in) the Ottoman ibn sina all o (644 ~ 656 in) ali ibn sina than · tower by the o (656 ~ 661 in)
* hassan ali ibn sina (661 ~ 662, the half a year's transition, ali was assassinated by its temporary hassan after any of the caliphs, a 6 months after taking power above, so he and orthodox caliphs time get 30 years)
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They were chosen by consultation that is called in Arabic "Shoura" and then voting among all people.
What is the difference between caliphs and sultans?
caliphs were religious leaders of Islam; sultans were political leaders
What made Córdoba a great city during Umayyad rule?
Cordoba was the greatest cultural center in Europe eventually surpassing even Constantinople. At one time it had over 500,000 occupants, libraries (with thousands of volumes), paved and lighted streets, and baths. It was the destination of all the great philosophers, scientists, mathematicians and thinkers of the day.
Did the Umayyads rule from Medina?
No. The Umayyads ruled initially from Damascus (660s-750s) until they were overthrown by the Abbassids. Abd er-Rahman re-established the Umayyad Caliphate in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) in the city of Córdoba. The Umayyads ruled from this city until the dynasty ended (750s-1030s).
However, the Umayyads never ruled from Medina.
Historical Answer
The first caliph was Abu Bakr who ruled from June 632 C.E. to August 634 C.E.
Shiite Answer
The Prophet himself declared, in front of many people returning home from Hadj, that Ali ibn Abi Talib ( A. S. ) Was to be the Imam ( Leader ) after him. However, Abu Bakr got himself elected by a Shoura in contravention to the Prophet's Will. As a result, he was a false Caliph. Ali was finally recognized as Caliph by all Muslims in 656 C.E.
What is the name given to a king of the safavid empire?
- first shah ismail
- first shah tahmasb
- second shah ismail
- muhammad khoda bandeh
- first shah Abbs
- Shah Safi
- SECOND SHAH Abbas
- shah Soleiman
- shah soltan Hossein
- second shah tahmasb
- third shah abbas
What caused the Safavid Empire to decline?
In addition to fighting its perennial enemies, the Ottomans and Uzbeks, as the 17th century progressed Iran had to contend with the rise of two more neighbors. Russian Muscovy in the previous century had deposed two western Asian khanates of the Golden Horde and expanded its influence into the Caucasus Mountains and Central Asia. In the east, the Mughal dynasty of India had expanded into Afghanistan at the expense of Iranian control, taking Qandahar. Furthermore by the 17th century, trade routes between the East and West had shifted away from Iran, causing a loss of commerce and trade. Moreover, Shah Abbas had a conversion to a ghulam-based military, though expedient in the short term. Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were ineffectual. The end of his reign, 1666, marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. Despite falling revenues and military threats, later shahs had lavish lifestyles. Shah Soltan Hosain (1694-1722) in particular was known for his love of wine and disinterest in governance.
The country was repeatedly raided on its frontiers - Kerman by Baloch tribesmen in 1698, Khorasan by Afghans in 1717, constantly in Mesopotamia by peninsula Arabs. Shah Sultan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in eastern Iran from Sunni to the Shi'a sect of Islam. In response, a Ghilzai Pashtun chieftain named Mir Wais Khan began a rebellion against the Georgian governor, Gurgin Khan, of Kandahar and defeated the Safavid army. Later, in 1722 an Afghan army led by Mir Wais' son Mahmud marched across eastern Iran, besieged, and sacked Isfahan. Mahmud proclaimed himself 'Shah' of Persia. The Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for a dozen years but were prevented from making further gains by Nadir Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. Nadir Shah defeated the Afghans in the Battle of Damghan, 1729. He had driven out the Afghans, who were still occupying Persia, by 1730. In 1738, Nadir Shah reconquered Eastern Persia, starting with Qandahar; in the same year he occupied Ghazni, Kabul, and Lahore, later conquering as far as east as Delhi, but not fortifying his Persian base and exhausting his army's strength. He had effective control under Shah Tahmasp II and then ruled as regent of the infant Abbas III until 1736 when he had himself crowned shah. Immediately after Nadir Shah's assassination in 1747, the Safavids were re-appointed as shahs of Iran in order to lend legitimacy to the nascent Zand dynasty. However the brief puppet regime of Ismail III ended in 1760 when Karim Khan felt strong enough take nominal power of the country as well and officially end the Safavid dynasty.
Abbasid Caliphate
The first continent outside of Arabia to have an Islamic history was Africa beginning with the Hijirah to modern day Ethiopia trough modern day Eritrea (All part of Abyssinia). Islam in Eritrea & Ethiopia can be dated back to the founding of the religion of Muhammad, was from Abyssinia (Habasha).The Abbasid Caliphatewas the third of the Islamic caliphates. It was ruled by the Abbasid dynasty of caliphs, who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate from all but the Al-Andalus region.
The Abbasid caliphate was founded by the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's youngest uncle, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (566-653), in Kufa in 750 CE and shifted its capital in 762 to Baghdad. Within 150 years of gaining control of Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic Emirs who only nominally acknowledged their authority.
The gains of the Ummayad Empire were consolidated upon when the Abbasid dynasty rose to power in 750, with the conquest of the Mediterranean islands including the Balearics and Sicily. The new ruling party had been instated on the wave of dissatisfaction propagated against the Ummayads, cultured mainly by the Abbasid revolutionary, Abu Muslim. Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished. Most notable was the development of Arabic prose and poetry, termed by The Cambridge History of Islam as its "golden age. This was also the case for commerce and industry (considered a Muslim Agricultural Revolution), and the arts and sciences (considered a Muslim Scientific Revolution), which prospered, especially under the rule of Abbasid caliphs al-Mansur (ruled 754 775), Harun al-Rashid (ruled 786 809), al-Ma'mun (ruled 809 813), and their immediate successors.
Expansion ceased and the central disciplines of Islamic philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread and the gradual conversions of the populations within the empire occurred. Significant conversions also occurred beyond the extents of the empire such as that of the Turkic tribes in Central Asia and peoples living in regions south of the Sahara in Africa through contact with Muslim traders active in the area and sufi missionaries. In Africa it spread along three routes, across the Sahara via trading towns such as Timbuktu, up the Nile Valley through the Sudan up to Uganda and across the Red Sea and down East Africa through settlements such as Mombasa and Zanzibar. These initial conversions were of a flexible nature and only later were the societies forcibly purged of their traditional influences.
The reasons why, by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. One of the reasons may be that Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. The status of Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians was more precisely defined, and in some ways it was inferior. They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. In general they were not forced to convert, but they suffered from restrictions. They paid a special tax; they were not supposed to wear certain colors; they could not marry Muslim women.
It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. Within 150 years of gaining power across Iran, they were forced to cede power to local dynastic emirs who only nominally acknowledged their power, and had to cede Al Andalus to an escaped Umayyad royal and the Maghreb and Ifriqiya to independent entities such as the Aghlabids and the Fatimids. Their rule was ended in 1258, when Hulagu Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. While they continued to claim authority in religious matters from their base in Egypt, the dynasty's secular authority had ended. Descendants of the Abbasids include the al-Abbasi tribe who live northeast of Tikrit in modern-day Iraq.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam
What element most strengthened the abbasid rule?
Science and MathCity Life
Arts and Literature
Society
Porn
What scientific and cultural advances were made in the Islamic caliphates of this time?
One is translated the writing of the ancient greeks
Who was the orthodox caliph assassinated in 661?
'Ali was murdered by supporters of his Umayyed rivals in 661.
What were the contributions of Muslim scholars of the Abbasid period?
Learning, including science and mathematics, flourished in early Islamic countries. I understand the underlying principle was that such advancement in the service of society, as intended, was therefore serving Allah.
Ironically, the contemporary Western European Christian countries languished in the ignorance and superstition of the Mediaeval era, which ignored or suppressed learning and questioning of dogma.
When did the Umayyads take power?
It depends on what you mean by "defeated".
The Umayyad armies experienced their first major loss in Poitiers, France in 732 C.E.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus was overthrown by the Abbassids in 750 C.E.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Córdoba, Spain collapsed in 1038 C.E. with the death of Hisham III without any successors.
What did abbasids change during their rule?
Mawali (or non-Arab Muslims) were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.
The Abbassids counteracted this. Mawali were treated as equals with Arabs under Abbassid rules and much of the Abbassid power base came from Persians and Khorasanis who were Mawali themselves. They did not receive favorable treatment, but equal treatment.
What were 5 of the greatest achievements of the Abbasids?
-The thousand and one nights, a collection of fairy tales, parables, and legends
-calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting
-the Great Mosque of Damascus
-Ibn Rushd, a Muslim philosopher that tried to blend the ideas of Plato and Aristotle with Islamic beliefs
-Moses Ben Maimon, a Jewish philosopher that blended philosophy, religion, and science
Is Umayyad Mosque where Muhammad is buried?
Muhammad's tomb is in Medina of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Muslims make pilgrimage to Muhammad's tomb.
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Muslims do not make pilgrimage to the tomb of prophet Muhammad (PBUH). They make pilgrimage to Kaaba in Makkah (or Mecca). It is a matter of preference (not obligatory) to visit the prophet tomb in Medina and to pray in the prophet Mosque their.
Why was the Umayyad mosque built?
Muhammad built a mosque to set up a place for prayer. He used the mosque as the seat of government and as an army training centre. He used the mosque as a community centre and as a school. He also resided inside the mosque of Madinah.
