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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What did Muslims do in their conquered lands?
The usual thing was to permit Christians and Jews, as well as some other minor Middle Eastern sects also regarded as "people of the Book (Bible)" to keep their faith if they wished to do so, but to impose swingeing taxes on them, so that they would be encouraged to convert for economic reasons.
At first, pagans were forcibly converted or killed, since they were not considered "people of the Book". However, Muslims soon realised that this was not practical in Iran and neighbouring districts, where the Zoroastrians held firm to their faith. This policy was also soon abandoned in India, where most Hindus refused to convert.
When Christians could not pay the poll taxes imposed on them, they were required to give up a son, who would be brought up as a Muslim.
So, although people were usually not forced to convert, they were given a good deal of motivation to do so.
Answer 2
- First of all,I would like to say that Muslims had always had their fair justifiable reasons for the battles they had, it wasn't a desire to fight for the sake of fighting itself but each battle had its fair reasons. Just one example, the first battle between Muslims & Christian Romans (Muata) was because of killing the messenger of the prophet Muhammad PBUH to the king of Bosra (in Syria) by their allies.
- There wasn't a discrimination between the non-Muslims due to their belief to decide if they were worth being fought against or not. At all cases, fighting is a way not a purpose. Examples:
1. Muslims conquered the city of Makkah under the leadership of the prophet Muhammad PBUH & the whole city converted to Islam after an act of grace, a historical remission from the greatest prophet to its people, the pagans who assaulted the Muslims a lot! It's worth mentioning that Muslims were much more stronger than them at that time & they were able to kill all of them but they did not.
2. The city of Jerusalem was conquered by Muslims in the time of Omar Ben Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him & no single drop of blood was shed. History can tell about how Muslims tolerantly treated Christians at that time.
- Non-Muslims have always been treated very well in the Islamic tolerant community. They enjoyed all their civil rights along with their religious freedom. It has been strictly prohibited to harm any non-Muslim in the Islamic society & there are several teachings of the prophet Muhammad PBUH to assure that.
Non-Muslims (mostly Jews & Christians) are called people of covenant, which means the covenant of protection & care.
They could prospered in the Islamic community & they could reach very high rank positions especially in the Abbasi age & the examples are many. None was forced to convert to Islam, the converts to Islam did willingly convert to it due to the greatness of it in all aspects.
- Aljizia is the tax that was paid by certain non-Muslims who meet certain criteria.
Aljizia was of a value much lesser than al-zakat (Alums) so it had never been a reason behind the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam. Simply because if someone converted to Islam to be exempted from paying Al-jizia then he would face another obligatory payments imposed on Muslims which are much heavier than al-jiziah, payments like al-zakat & those obligatory charities..etc. Moreover,he would be obliged to attend fighting as a Muslim & may die instead of being exempted from that.
(Refer to the related question for more details).
- There were famous recommendations for peace even at the war taught by the prophet Muhammad PBUH to the Muslims when conquering any place, examples:
"Never to cut a tree, never to kill a child, never to kill a woman , never to kill an old man, never to kill any man who doesn't fight,never to kill an injured, never to mistreat a captive, never to betray, never to cause harm to priests in their temple, never to kill an animal except for a necessity like for eating it or to be safe from it if it's dangerous......etc".
- Dr. Gustav LeBon in his book "Civilisation of the Arabs" says:
"The reader will find, in my treatment of the Arabs' conquests and the reason of their victories, that force was never a factor in the spread of the Koranic teachings, and that the Arabs left those they had subdued free to exercise their religious beliefs. If it happened that some Christian peoples embraced Islam and adopted Arabic as their language, it was mainly due to the various kinds of justice on the part of the Arab victors, with the like of which the non-Moslems were not acquainted. It was also due to the tolerance and leniency of Islam, which was unknown to the other religions".
Lastly, he also said this famous saying:
" The world had never known a conqueror that is more just & merciful than Arabs".
What was the rebel group that overthrew th umayyad to rule in 750?
i don't know that's why i was on this sight but its too dumb to find out like you
=(
Hazrat Usman rua was ruthlessly assassinated by the rebels. The forced Hazrat Ali rua to become the Caliph. Hazrat Amir Muawaya, the heir to Hazrat Usman rua, demanded that the rebels who killed Hazrat Usman rau must be first handed over to him, only then he would accept Hazrat Ali rua the Rightful Caliph. Anyhow, the Muslims believe Hazrat Ali rua to be the Fourth Rightful Caliph.
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Answer 1
That was Muhammed.
The Caliph Tribe Continued to discover more information
on the umayyad's.
Answer 2
There is much debate on who started the Umayyad dynasty. Most scholars attribute it to Mu'awiya I, the Muslim Governor of Damascus in 650 C.E. since he was the first to rule as Caliph and claim that his family had the right to rule the Caliphate. (This was opposed to the previously-used system of elections by leading officials.) In accordance with his claim, his son Yazid I succeeded him.
The reason Mu'awiya's place as the beginning of the Umayyad Dynasty is twofold. Firstly, the Rightly-Guided Caliph, 'Othman, was part of the Banu Umayya (the family of the Umayyads). This makes Mu'awiya the second Umayyad to be Caliph. Secondly, in order to claim legitimacy, Mu'awiya alleged the Mohammed had chosen his family to be the stewards of the Caliphate, citing several sources. This claim is a minority position today and was contested at the time as well (which is one of the main causes of the Fitna Al-Kubra - the first Islamic Civil War).
Why was the Abbasid empire unable to expand to the Black Sea?
There was a lot of rivalry among heirs to the Caliphate which ultimately led to the downfall of the empire. Additionally, the Slave Soldiers of the Empire (the Mamluks) rose up and created their own empires in Anatolia.
What was the role of Caliphate?
The Caliphate is the first government of Islam, which in theory would be considered a constitutional republic. It was headed by the Caliph, the head of state, and other officials who are representatives of the people, and they were required to govern based on a written constitution limiting the powers of government over citizens. The first Islamic Caliphate was headed by the Prophet's disciples as a continuation of the government established by him.
How did the Islamic caliphates gain power?
Why are Muhammad's elected successors called the 'Rightly-Guided' caliphs?
1. Abu-Bakr
2. Umar
3. Uthman
4. Ali
Because they used the Qur'an and Muhammad's actions as guides to their leadership.
Mustang523- The rightly guided caliphs also cared about spreading Islam unlike the Umayyads who only cared about wealth and riches. The rightly guided caliphs are given this name also because they had strong leadership and they were wise. During the rightly guided caliphs rein, they conquered many new lands.I hope you all got a good answer from this that i wrote. :]
Why did some Muslims protest against Umayyad rule?
The Umayyads made the Mawali and the Shiites disaffected for the following reasons:
1) Mawali: Mawali (or non-Arab Muslims) were traditionally excluded from political and social affairs. The Umayyad in particular treated them as second-class Muslims. The evidence of this treatment was that Mawali were not allowed to have many government positions and that they were taxed whereas Arab Muslims were not taxed at all. Mawali made up an important component of the Umayyad Caliphate, especially Persians. Persia was always a high seat of culture in the Islamic Empire. As a result, ideas moved quite freely throughout Persia and Persians considered themselves to be of equal worth to Arabs.
2) Shiites: Under the Sunni Umayyads, Shiites were also discriminated against. After Yazid I martyred Hussein, the Shiites made it their mission in life to oppose every action of the Umayyad dynasty. It did not help matters that the Umayyads tortured and murdered Shiite Imams and Infallibles, leading to irreconcilability between the Shiites and the Umayyads.
Who was the attackers of Abbasid?
It is unclear what an "attacker" is.
If it refers to the armies trained by the Abbassids, then the Mamluks (Türkic Slave Armies) and the traditional Islamic Armies are the "attackers".
If it refers to those empires which opposed the Abbassids militarily and offensively, they incude: the Spanish Umayyads, the Idrissids, the Aghlabids, the Fatimids, the Tahirids, the Samanids, and the Mongols (who finally finished off the Abbassid Caliphate with the Siege and Massacre of Baghdad in 1256).
Who is the group that believed Umayyad caliphs should rule?
Most citizens of the Arab World did not believe that the Umayyad should rule on account of their holiness or conduct. They became rulers because of political finagling during the Fitna Al-Kubra (The Great Islamic Civil War). The Umayyad were capable governors and powerful conquerors, organizing the Empire and expanding it both East and West. People tolerated them, but they were not respected the way that the four Rightly-Guided Caliphs were respected.
What are some differences between Abbasid and the Umayyad empire?
The Abbasid Empire and the Umayyad Empire were great periods of history but the Abbasid Empire differed greatly from the Umayyad Empire. The Abbasid Empire was a golden age. They moved their capitol from Mecca to Baghdad. The rulers had absolute power over their subjects. Many of their chief administrative officials were Persians and were called Wazirs. During this time there was an increase in Afro-Eurasian trade. Wealthy landed elite that emerged under Abbasids were called Ayans. During this time they recovered and improved upon earlier ideas from Greece and Rome. They also created Dhows during this time which are boats that are used for trade, very difficult to sink and are still used today. The Umayyad Empire was a great period of history but there were more advancements and changes made in the Abbasid Empire.
What happened to the last umayyad rulers?
they got killed in a meeting about peace. well that's what it says in my social study's book
Who was the first Abbassid Caliph?
The Abbassids were ruled by Kings who styled themselves Caliphs (since all previous rulers of the Moslem Empires had done similarly. The First Abbassid Caliph is Abu Al-Abbas As-Saffah. He ruled from 750 CE to 754 CE and was succeeded by the Abbassid Al-Mansur (there is a different Umayyad Al-Mansur in Spain in the 900s).
How did Islam spread in the rule of first four caliphs?
632 years after the death of Mohammed, his first four successor. ABU "Kerr (632 ~ 634 in) the mayer ibn sina HaDaBu (634 ~ 644 in) the Ottoman ibn sina all o (644 ~ 656 in) ali ibn sina than · tower by the o (656 ~ 661 in)
* hassan ali ibn sina (661 ~ 662, the half a year's transition, ali was assassinated by its temporary hassan after any of the caliphs, a 6 months after taking power above, so he and orthodox caliphs time get 30 years)
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They were chosen by consultation that is called in Arabic "Shoura" and then voting among all people.
What is the difference between caliphs and sultans?
caliphs were religious leaders of Islam; sultans were political leaders
