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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
What did the revolt led by Hussein in the early Umayyad period lead to?
In the short term, the revolt led by Hussein led to "a bloody war that lasted just seven hours", the Battle of Karbala.
However, in the longer term, the Battle of Karbala and the martyrdom of Hussein against Yazid I helped to solidify the fundamental divide between Sunnis, who associated themselves with the Caliphate established by Yazid and the Shiites, who associated themselves with Hussein. To this day, the 10th of Ashura, which commemorates Hussein's martyrdom, is an important Shiite holiday which has no Sunni corollary.
What are the major causes of the development of Islamic caliphates?
The death of the Prophet Muhammad. It was then decided that as a religious and community leader he should be succeeded, and such a religious successor was called a Caliph; the region and community he ruled over, a Caliphate. This immediately led to the first schism, namely between Shi'ite and Sunni Muslims. The Sunni Muslims considered Muhammad's father-in-law the rightful successor and first Caliph, the Shia Muslims considered his son-in-law the rightful successor.
Why did the Umayyad Empire fall?
Expansion of the territories which could not be governed properly, cruelty of some of the Rulers, mutual killing for occupation of the rule, rising of the Abbasids against them are the factors which contributed to the fall of Umayyad dynasty.
What was the economy of the later abbasid empire?
I think its it was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of the Afro-Eurasian trade axis. That's what my AP history book says
What helped the umayyads to succeed after losing to the abbasids?
Answer 1
they were well organised
Answer 2
The Umayyads integrated non-Arabs who had been educated in the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires into powerful positions of authority, the centralized governance structures, created a massive library to organize knowledge from across the empire and translate it into Arabic, and became patrons of the arts and sciences. Critical Thinking was prized and religious demagoguery was relatively weak. By the mid-1100s to the 1200s (long after the Umayyads), religious belief and piety overcame this more open temperment and resulted in the Islamic World stagnating up to the colonial period.
What do shiites believe who should be caliph?
shia and sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. today there is up to 260 sect in Islam that are in two category of shia and sunni.
shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.
shia believe after death of prophet God selects the successive for prophet who is the leader of Muslim community and people can not select it.
shia believe the Caliph (Representative of God in earth after prophet) is appointed only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority." (Quran 2:30)
this means only God can select an Islamic leader.
in shia they are only fourteen infallible (12 Imams and prophet and his daughter Fatimah Zahra (sa))
and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (this knowledge is from God and by permission of God and is not absolute knowledge. absolute knowledge is only for God and they still do not know many things. but they know anything human may need to know.) and they never die and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human.
and shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.
shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph valid because God did not select him. they believe God ordered prophet to declare Ali is selected as successor of prophet (Quran 5:3) and prophet did this mission in Ghadir event that was in last Hajj of prophet in his life and prophet did a speech for 120,000 Muslims participating that Hajj with prophet. the famous shia book Al-Ghadir is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Hadith from 100,000 sunni references and read all of 10,000 sunny books. one sunni scholar said if we want to reply Al-Ghadir book (by Allameh Amini) we should first destroy all our books.
How did Islam influence the development of the Arab empire?
The Arab Empire was a Muslim Empire and the first Muslim Empire. It aided in the dissemination of Islam and its establishment as a religion with dogmas and power structures.
How were the rightly guided caliphs so successful?
Only the first Four Caliphs are called the Rightly Guided Caliphs because they were the most near ones and loved ones of the Holy Prophet SAW. They ruled according to the teachings of the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
What city founded in 762 was the capital of the Abbasids?
In 762 AD, the Abbasid Caliphate under Al Mansur built a new capital at Baghdad.
What was the nature of the abbasid government?
the Abbasid government represented a return to the principles of government in the first days of the orthodox calender
What city became the capital of the Muslim world under the leadership of the Umayyad dynasty?
Damascus became the capital of the Muslim world under the leadership of the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyad dynasty ruled the Muslim world from 661 through 750.
How did the safavids try to unify the Turks and the Persians?
They united the people through shared Shiite faith.
What was the language of the umayyad government?
The Official Language of the Umayyad Courts in Damascus, Syria and Cordoba, Spain was Proper Arabic (Fus-ha). There were a large number of Mawali (non-Arab Moslems) in both Umayyad Caliphates, but their culture and languages were sidelined for Arabic.
What is the difference between a Mullah and an Imam?
Generally, both a Mullah and an Imam are religious leaders who can read, recite, and interpret the Quran, as well as lead the people in prayer. They are both seen by the community as figures who can answer questions and possibly give advice regarding interpretation of the Quran. However, a Mullah is typically associated with the Sunni community, whereas an Imam is associated with the Shia. Imam can also be used as a term of respect for a person who is not considered an Imam by "trade". This information came to me from one of my coworkers, who is an Afghan Muslim.
What city became leading center of Muslim learning?
There are several cities that could qualify, but the most famous of these, especially for its massive library called Beit al-Hikma (بيت الحكمة), was BAGHDAD in the modern country of Iraq.
Who became the leader of Islam after Mohammed's death?
Abu Bakr was the first Khalifah (leader) after Muhammad
Why was Umar elected as a caliph?
As one of the Companions, he was on the Leadership Track after the death of Abu Bakr. His only real competition was Ali, based on the arguable bloodline connection to the Prophet (Ali's parisans became the Shiites; Umar's were the Sunnis). This is not to say the matters were handled cordially. Abu Bakr managed to die of natural causes, but beginning with Umar, the tradition of murdering caliphs was established.
Answer 2
He was not elected. he himself claimed to have a letter from Abubakr willing that Umar should be Caliph after his death. some scholars say this letter is made by Umar himself and Umar used stamp of Abubakr after death of Abubakr. Imam Ali a.s. never has any interest in power and said: the value of power that you are seeking it for me is less than the water of nose of a goat unless if I can take the right of a wronged using it or if I can establish justice using it.
What do the first four caliphs have in common?
As I believe, Qualities of four Caliphs.
Abu Bakr Siddiue (R.A) - Friendship, Approach, Courage
Umar (R.A) - Self-Discipline
Usman Ghani (R.A) - Will Power and Determination
Ali (R.A) - Kindness
Answer 2
According to Shia Islam the first 3 of them have not been legimate Caliphs. because in Shia Islam Caliph is representative of God on earth and only God has the right to select his representative according to Quran. and God did not elect those first 3.
Who guided the writers of the Bible?
2 Peter 1:21(KJV)21For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man: but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost. John 1:17 (KJV) 17For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. John 8:28(KJV) 28Then said Jesus unto them, When ye have lifted up the Son of man, then shall ye know that I am he, and that I do nothing of myself; but as my Father hath taught me, I speak these things. Numbers 16:28(KJV) 28And Moses said, Hereby ye shall know that the Lord hath sent me to do all these works; for I have not done them of mine own mind. Also On Biblegateway search "The Lord commanded Moses"
Why do the Shi'as curse the first three Caliphs?
The practice of this originates back to the Safavid Dynasty in Iran. The conqueror Isma'il I, who proclaimed Shi'ism as the state religion, was very anti-Sunni. Iran, a Sunni majority at the time, was forced to convert to Shi'ism by Ismail I. To do this, one thing he imposed was the practice of cursing the first three Khalifas, Abu Bakr, Othman, and Omar, as a way of strengthening Shi'ism in his empire. The Safavid Dynasty became the origin of modern Shi'ism, and the cause of its spread "by the sword," or by violence. Thus, many Shi'as today still partake in these practices, regardless of the fact the Khalifas were highly trusted companions of the Prophet Muhammad (S).
How did the Islamic empire and catholic church differ?
APEX: The Islamic Empire directly governed the people it controlled, but the Roman Catholic Church relied only on its influence with rulers.
