0
Civil Rights Movement
A national effort made by African-Americans and their supporters between 1955 and 1968 to eliminate segregation and racial discrimination and gain equal rights and suffrage. This period is marked by famous events such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, the Freedom Rides and the Birmingham campaign in Alabama. Famous figures involved include Martin Luther King, Jr., James L. Farmer, Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X.
2,662 Questions
The Civil Rights movement led to the introduction of legislation that made it to discriminate against people based on ethnic background or religion. A consequence of this was that it should be illegal to commit violence against people on the basis of groups to which they belong.
How was Henry Hank Aaron a leader in the civil rights movement?
He was a leader because he made a commitment to fulfill blacks' lives with things other than hate and racism.
How was the Baton Rouge bus boycott ended?
The Baton Rouge bus boycott was the first bus boycott staged in the United States in 1953. It lasted two weeks, and ended when the white and African American communities agreed on a compromise.
When were the Montgomery Alabama buses desegregated?
The Montgomery, Alabama, city buses were desegregated on December 20, 1956, as the result of a court order arising from the Supreme Court's decision in Browder v. Gayle, (1956).
Why did the bus boycott lasted so long?
Black people had to sit way in the back and so we stoped taking the bus which Revernd Martin Luther King Jr called the boycot
How old was dr King when he led the Montgomery bus boycott?
Dr. King was 26 years old when he led the Montgomery bus boycott.
What did African Americans in Montgomery do to support the civil rights movement?
they refused to ride segregated buses (Apex2021)
What was the outcome of the freedom riders?
The Freedom Riders traveled on buses from Washington D.C. to Jackson, Mississippi during the spring of 1961. The student activists launched the Freedom Rides to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals.
Why did the civil rights movement become more violent in the mid-1960s?
The increased violence came about partly because of the assassination of Martin Luther King...this caused rage and anger in the African-American community. King had advocated nonviolence, and his assassination in such a violent manner convinced other civil rights reformers that nonviolence was not necessarily the correct approach.
Who wrote the majority opinion for the Heart of Atlanta Motel v US case?
Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US, 379 US 241 (1964) was a unanimous (9-0) decision of the Warren Court that validated Congress use of the Interstate Commerce Clause as a means of enabling Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Justice Tom C. Clark wrote the majority opinion. Justices Hugo Black, William O. Douglas and Arthur Goldberg each wrote concurring opinions, agreeing with the decision but expanding on the reasoning in the majority opinion.
Justice Hugo Black's Concurrence
Justice Black reminded the Court that the undisputed reason for bringing suit in this and other named cases, was the intention of the businesses to continue a policy of racial discrimination.
Black contended that Congress acted within the plain and accepted meaning of the Interstate Commerce Clause, as supported by earlier precedents, and that the interpretation of Congress' constitutional powers could not be "limited to a narrow, technical concept." [One that would support racial discrimination based on a narrow and distorted textual interpretation of the Constitution.]
Black further reminded the Court that the Necessary and Proper Clause enhanced the authority of Congress to regulate businesses located within a single state if their activities introduced a burden to interstate commerce.
Justice William O. Douglas' Concurrence
Justice Douglas joined the Court's opinion, but expressed reluctance to rely solely on the power invoked under the Interstate Commerce Clause. Douglas opined that the Act should appropriately rest on the Fourteenth Amendment, which reads:
Section 1
"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." (and)
Section 5
The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Douglas also noted that English common law had long ago rejected arguments similar to those raised by the petitioner.
Justice Arthur Goldberg's Concurrence
Justice Goldberg asserted that the purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964:
"...is the vindication of human dignity, and not mere economics. The Senate Commerce Committee made this quite clear:
"The primary purpose of . . . [the Civil Rights Act], then, is to solve this problem, the deprivation of personal dignity that surely accompanies denials of equal access to public establishments. Discrimination is not simply dollars and cents, hamburgers and movies; it is the humiliation, frustration, and embarrassment that a person must surely feel when he is told that he is unacceptable as a member of the public because of his race or color. It is equally the inability to explain to a child that, regardless of education, civility, courtesy, and morality, he will be denied the right to enjoy equal treatment even though he be a citizen of the United States and may well be called upon to lay down his life to assure this Nation continues."
On this basis, Justice Goldberg concluded the text and intention of the Act clearly derived from the Fourteenth amendment, and reminded the Court that an earlier draft of the legislation had stated as much, but more clearly than the final legislation.
Did the civil rights movement work?
The Civil Rights movement succeeded for several reasons. Television helped gain supporters for the movement. TV showed how some blacks were being treated. Take Bloody Sunday, for example. Many blacks were injured for peacefully marching in the streets. This event was shown on TV, and many Americans were appalled at what they saw. Great leaders of the civil rights movement such as Martin Luther King Jr. contributed to the success of the movement. The civil rights movement was also very organized. Strategies such as sit-ins, bus boycotts, freedom rides, and marches were organized, so many civil rights believers participated. Civil rights believers were very passive, too, which was an effective strategy.
Why is Rosa park in civil right?
rosa park is in the civil rights because she didnt want to gave up her seat
What does the fourteenth amendment state?
the 14th amendment to the constitution guaranteed equal protection under the law regardless of race, creed or color.
What freedoms did women have before 1979 in Iran?
Despite International Women's Day celebrations today, women in Iran still struggle for basic rights. The country's conservative authorities forbid women from simple activities such as watching the World Cup qualifying soccer game live in a stadium. More prominent are restrictions on their legal and civil rights. Women in Iran can inherit only half as much of their parents' wealth as their brothers. Their husbands can marry more than one woman, and automatically get custody of children after a divorce. Women can be jailed or hanged for defying the dress code, and they can be stoned to death for adultery. Since the 1979 overthrow of the Shah, the fundamentalist governments dominated by clerics have stressed the traditional role of women and restricted their civil rights and participation in political activities. The changes of women's conditions are very minor, only about surface things. But the limitations on basic rights and the legislation infrastructure haven't been changed at all Iranian women are better-educated and more politically sophisticated than many of their Muslim neighbors. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization reports that the literacy rate of Iranian women is 70 percent, compared with an average 46.2 percent in the Middle East. A large number of Iranian women hold professional jobs in journalism, medicine or law, or become human-rights activists. Up to 70 percent of university students in Iran are female.
How dangerous was martin Luther kings message?
Oh, I have all my fingers, the knife goes chop chop chop
If I miss the spaces in between, my fingers will come off
And if I hit my fingers, the blood will soon come out
But all the same, I play this game, cause thats what its all about
Oh, CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP CHOP
Im picking up the speed
And If I hit my fingers then my hand will start to bleed
What was the purpose of the pan-african movement?
The purpose of the movement was, and continues to be, to establish independence for African nations and cultivate unity among black people throughout the world.
The movement began in the 19th century, but was encouraged by five conferences held in London between 1900 and 1923. The movement led to the founding of the OAU (Organization of African Unity) in 1963, now known as the African Union.
organizing demonstrations to protest discrimination
The "Scottsboro Boys", as they were referred to, were nine young, black men who were falsely accused of raping two white women. After many years in court, they were eventually proven innocent.
How has the civil rights progressed since 1968?
In the US civil rights for minorities have progressed steadily as barriers in types of jobs, education opportunities and minority public office holders have greatly increased. This progress is most visible in US Federal government positions. For example, Under President George W. Bush, two Afro-Americans were appointed to the position of Secretary of State. A Hispanic in his administration became the first Hispanic to be the US Attorney General.The current US president Obama was the first Afro-American president and he was reelected in 2012. In his administration, two Afro-Americans have been appointed as Attorney General. Currently in the state of Mexico, for the first time a Hispanic female has been elected there as governor of New Mexico.
Some years back in California, the largest US state, for the first time an immigrant was elected as governor there. And the Governor of Louisiana is a man if Indian heritage. The list of minority public office holders is a long one. Very few world nations have minority peoples in charge of governments.
In the private sector it is not unusual to find females and people of color in high level corporate positions.
How was Rosa Parks an excellent character?
her life was admirable because she stood up for things that was right NOT wrong. she was a very nice woman even though she was arrested.
she knew MLK JR and JESSIE JACKSON she was friends with them
What was Martin Luther King Jr's role in the civil rights movement in the 1960's?
Dr. Martin LUther King Jr. was an amazing man who gave speeches all over the country that African Americans had the right that every other man had. He argued that it wasn't right to have separate things just because the color of their skin was different. If it wasn't for him, all African Americans would be forced to use different bathroom s than other people, they would be forced to use a different water fountain than other people etc.
How did the Civil Rights Movement emerge?
The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin ius civis (rights of citizens). Roman citizens could be either free (libertas) or servile (servitus), but they all had rights in law.[1] After the Edit of the Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion.[2] Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding."[3] In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishman had historically enjoyed such rights based on Magna Carta and other sources. Although Coke's view of legal history was spurious, his commentaries were highly influential. Parliament approved Coke's Petition of Right in 1628. This document specified that Englishmen had "rights and liberties." The Massachusetts Body of Liberties, an early Bill of Rights, was adopted in 1641. The phrase "Civil liberties" was used by John Milton in Areopagatica(1644). "Civil rights" was used by Oliver Cromwell in a speech to parliament given in 1657.[4]
The English Bill of Rights was adopted in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776. The Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789). In early 19th Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the problem of legal discrimination against Catholics. In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks. Congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866, 1871, 1875, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1991.
The statistic of the year 1860, as hereunder specified:
QUOTE
Legend A = USA, B = CSA, C = Border States
Number of states - A - 20, B - 11, C - 3
Surface - (in square kilometers) - A - 2 236 006, B - 2 011 840, C - 312 473.
Population - A - 18 715 055, B - 9 103 332, C - 3 024 745,
of which slaves - A - 1 798, B - 3 522 724, C - 430 920.
RAILWAYS
Length of the net (in Km) - A - 34 022, B - 14 141, C - 3 020.
Invested capital (in $)- A - 857 861 336, B - 237 138 842 - C - 83 000 000
INDUSTRY
Number of factories - A - 95 875, B - 16 896, C - 10 257.
Number of workers employed - A - 801 548, B - 88 300, C - 67 496.
Invested capital ($) - A - 444 630 137, B - 55 293 695, C - 35 321 519.
Value of the product ($) - A - 860 869 145, B - 79 161 859, C - 79 078 612.
AGRICULTURE
Wheat (in hectoliters) - A - 42 000 000, B - 12 000 000, C - 9 000 000.
Corn (in hectoliters) - A - 150 000 000, B - 100 000 000, C - 55 000 000.
Rice (in quintal) - A - nil - B- 849 616, C - nil.
Cotton - A - nil, B 941 929 974, C - nil.
Slaughter cattle (heads) - A - 5 400 000, B - 7 000 000, C - 1 200 000.
Dairy cows (heads)- A - 5 200 000, B - 2 800 000, C - 730 000.
Horses (heads) - A - 4 100 000, B - 2 300 000, C - 900 000.
Donkeys & mules (heads) - A - 140 000, B - 900 000, C - 300 000.
Sheep (heads) - A - 15 000 000, B - 5 500 000, C - 2 500 000.
Swine - A - 13 300 000, B - 19 500 000, C - 6 000 000.
TRADE (transit & valuable metals excluded)
Export power ($) - A - 82 211 397, B - 229 031 423, C - unknown,
of which cotton - A - nil, B - 191 806 555, C - nil
FINANCE
Bank deposits ($) - A - 189 000 000, B - 47 000 000, C - 18 000 000.
Metal reserves ($) - A 45 000 000, B - 27 000 000, C - 11 000 000.
