Cold and Flu

That depends upon how much direct contact the campers and other staff had with the counselor and how careful the counselor was being with cough and sneeze etiquette and precautions like basic handwashing.

If the camp is still open, good cleaning with regular cleaning products should be undertaken to clean the surfaces and frequently handled areas, especially in restrooms, community areas and food preparation and dining areas, along with equipment or other things which the counselor used.

All those who were in direct contact should be screened for fever or symptoms frequently and separated from the rest of the group if any signs of the flu are detected.

All should continue good hygiene and especially hand washing and covering coughs and sneezes. If water for frequent hand washing is not readily available in the camp area, then wet wipes or bottles of hand sanitizer should be distributed among the campers and staff.

Any people in the high risk groups should be sent home such as asthmatics, people with underlying chronic diseases, the very young under five, pregnant women, etc. (see related question below for information on high risk groups). If more individuals begin showing signs of the flu, or if it is clear that many had close direct contact with the counselor, then consideration should be given to closing the camp.

See additional information below in related question section regarding prevention and see the related links section for links to the CDC guidelines for summer camps.

There are 2 parts to the immune system, general (also called innate) and specific (also called adaptive). The general immune system is made out of immune cells that attack anything deemed bad by the general immune system, and don't specify later. The specific immune system is made of cells that specialize in targeting specific germs and other bad things [viruses, bacteria, fungi, small animals (yes, small animals can infect you, such as worms), damaged/ dying/ malfunctioning cells etc.].

When a germ first comes in (swine flu in this case), the general immune system responds. The skin is actually the first line of defense, but apparently it got past that. Mast cells are land mines. When tripped they "blow" releasing histamines, which tell the surrounding tissues to inflame, and draw other parts of the immune system to the scene. The inflammation tries to tighten the area up, to make it harder for what was detected to get in.

Neutrophils are one of the first types of cells responding to the inflammation, and come to try and kill off bacterial infections with anti-microbial secretions. If things get intense, dead neutrophils pile up and form pus.

Monocytes, half of which are stored in the spleen, come to the area changing into macrophages and dendrites. There is a muddled line between these 2 forms of the cell. Macrophages gobble up germs and other foreign junk they find, and shred the junk into pieces inside it. The pieces are then carried to the surface of the cell, where they are put on antigen-presenting proteins (platters of display, if you will). Think of it as a hunter holding the head of his prize buck. Displaying of antigens (the shreds of the invader) is what dendrites do (muddled line).

Transitioning to the specific immune system, the cell then carries its "catch" to a helper T-Cell that changes its shape to match the shape of the antigen, but in the negative form of the shape (negative, as in cast and mold negative, as in one fits in the other like a peg in a hole). When its shape fits into the antigen shape, that helper T-Cell releases chemokines that draw killer T-cells and plasma cells to the site of infection.

Once activated, a plasma cell is called a B-Cell. B-cells shoot antibodies, which are like arrows coming from an archer. The antibodies bind to the germs, disable them, and mark them for destruction by the immune system.

Killer T-Cells are VERY special. So far in these steps, the immune system has been only able to recognize things by what's on their surface. Killer T-Cells actually connect to a cell, look beneath the surface to find out if it is infected with the virus, and kill the cell if it is, before the thousands of replicated viruses manufactured in that cell can get loose. Everything in the cell gets broken down, so the viruses made in there thus far don't make it out "alive" to infect new cells.

When the infection has been killed off, T-regulatory cells put out the "stop-fighting signal", and immune memory gets stored. "Immune memory", refers to the process of the killer and helper T-cells and B-cells, that where involved in the fight, keeping the pattern of the germ for future reference. Then they go hibernate in a lymph node somewhere. If the same or very similar germ reappears some day, these memory immune cells are able to immediately react and kill the infection almost instantly (because they already know the shape of the antibody that is needed for that specific invader).

Don't forget to recycle! After the infection is over, all the dead cells get broken down to make new cells. Material from germs that has been properly broken down is safe to make cells out of as well, which the body does.

Statistics are estimations at best:

HIV/AIDS - 2.0 million worldwide, 76% are from sub-Saharan Africa alone.

Influenza (flu) - 250,000 to 500,000 per year worldwide (however, death rates in pandemic years can be substantially higher. In 1918, an estimated 17 million died worldwide from Spanish flu.)

This is intended to emphasize the mutability of yearly statistics.

It is important to point out that the transmission pathways and rates of transmission are far higher for influenza than HIV/AIDS; this however by no means is intended to reduce the seriousness of the HIV/AIDS crisis.

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