College Degrees

Habilitation is the highest academic qualification a person can achieve by his/her own pursuit in certain European countries. Earned after taking a doctorate, the habilitation requires the candidate to write a second dissertation, reviewed by and defended before an academic committee in a process similar to that for the doctoral dissertation. Whereas in the United States, the United Kingdom and most other countries, the doctorate is sufficient qualification for a faculty position at a university, in other countries only the habilitation qualifies the holder to supervise doctoral candidates. Such a post is known in Germany as Privatdozent and there are similarly termed posts elsewhere. After service as a Privatdozent, one may be admitted to the faculty as a professor.

This habilitation qualification exists only in France ("Habilitation à diriger des recherches"), Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia, and countries of the former Soviet Union, such as Armenia, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, etc. A similar qualification known as Livre-docência still exists also in public universities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, but has disappeared in other parts of Brazil. The habilitation, derived from the Latin habilitare, "to make able to" - developed in the eighteenth century.

The word habilitation can be used to describe the qualification itself, the process of earning that qualification or, incorrectly, the thesis written as part of that process (what is called Habilitationsschrift in German). A successful habilitation requires that the candidate (called Habilitand in German) be officially given the venia legendi, Latin for "permission for lecturing," or the ius docendi, "right of teaching" a specific academic subject at universities for a lifetime. This status is called Privatdozent (for males)/Privatdozentin (for females), abbreviated PD or Priv.-Doz..

Within the United States, the highest degree is most often the doctor of philosophy, (Ph.D.). Two years or so of coursework and research, plus teaching experience and the writing of a dissertation for the doctorate, for a total of about nine years from starting the bachelor's degree to the awarding of the doctorate. This timetable is flexible however as, for instance, students in accelerated programs can sometimes earn a bachelor's degree in three years or, on the other hand, a particular dissertation project might take four years to complete.

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In the United States, a bachelor's degree, or sophomore level prerequisites with concentrations in biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology are required to begin training in a perfusion program. As of 2006, there are 21 perfusion training programs in the United States. Training typically consists of two years of academic and clinical education. A two part exam is required to become a certified clinical perfusionist and use the designation C.C.P. The first portion of the two part process is the Perfusion Basic Science Exam, and the latter or second portion is the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam. Upon graduation from a perfusion program, the perfusionist is typically referred to as board eligible status, which is suficient for employment in cardiac surgery with the understanding that advancing their status to a certified clinical perfusionist by passing both portions of the examination is required for long-term employment. Most hospitals or perfusion employers have stipulations on the duration board eligible status.

In order to qualify for this examination process, a perfusion student must have either graduated from or be enrolled in an accredited perfusion training program, as well as having participated in a minimum of 75 clinical procedures during the course of their training[1]. A perfusion student may qualify for the Perfusion Basic Science Exam before they actually matriculate from their respective training program. Once employment is provided, and the perfusionist has participated independently in a minimum of 50 clinical procedures, he or she can qualify for the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam[2]. Once the the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam has been successfully passed, a perfusionist can use the designation C.C.P. In addition, there are recertification requirements for perfusionists in which proof of a minimum number of clinical procedures and attendance to scientific or educational meetings must be provided to a certifying body(i.e. American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion or Canadian Society of Clinical Perfusion). These recertification requirements and subsequent verification process occurs every three years and is mandantory to maintain certified status and use the designation certified clinical perfusionist. As August of 2006, there were 3,328 certified perfusionists in the United States according to 2006 Annual Report of the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion.

In Canada, there are two training programs which are located in Toronto, Ontario and Montreal, Quebec. Applicants to the Michener Institute program in Toronto must have a bachelor's degree. The training program is 16 months to two years. The perfusion program of the Université de Montréal is a four year bachelor's degree in medical science of with 30 credits are specific to clinical perfusion.

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To enhance skills of managing things better through development of multi skills

A degree seeking student is identified as a "matriculated student." This means the individual has declared to the college or university the specific program of study (major) he/she is intending to complete.

A student who is not intending to seek a degree (or possibly undecided) and who has declared this to the institution is concerned a "non-matriculated student."

Caution!! At the undergraduate level (associates, bachelors) a non-matriculate student does not qualify for financial aid assistance.

There are three main steps in becoming an architect. First is the attainment of a professional degree in architecture. Second is work experience through an internship, and third is licensure through the passing of the Architect Registration Exam. Education and training.

Three types of professional degrees in architecture are available: a 5-year bachelor's degree, which is most common and is intended for students with no previous architectural training; a 2-year master's degree for students with an undergraduate degree in architecture or a related area; and a 3- or 4-year master's degree for students with a degree in another discipline. Many schools of architecture also offer postprofessional degrees for those who already have a bachelor's or master's degree in architecture or other areas. Although graduate education beyond the professional degree is not required for practicing architects, it may be required for research, teaching, and certain specialties. All State architectural registration boards require architecture graduates to complete a training period-usually at least 3 years-before they may sit for the licensing exam.

Certification and advancement. A growing number of architects voluntarily seek certification by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards. Certification is awarded after independent verification of the candidate's educational transcripts, employment record, and professional references.

For the source and more detailed information concerning this subject, click on the related links section indicated below. design, art history, art, math, physics, cad drawing, and a few more things The minimum requirement for architecture is a bachelor's degree. In terms of length, it is one of the few programs of study that takes five years to complete as a full-time student and provided the student take the degree as prescribed by the college or university.
A Bachelor's in Architecture (BArch) is the college degree required to do architecture.

You will need to attend a school of cosmetology or barber school to learn how to do this and to prepare for the test. When you graduate from there, you take the state licensing test.

All States require barbers, cosmetologists, and other personal appearance workers to be licensed, with the exceptions of shampooers and makeup artists. To qualify for a license, most job seekers are required to graduate from a State-licensed barber or cosmetology school.

Education and training. A high school diploma or GED is required for some personal appearance workers in some States. In addition, most States require that barbers and cosmetologists complete a program in a State-licensed barber or cosmetology school. Programs in hairstyling, skin care, and other personal appearance services can be found in both high schools and in public or private postsecondary vocational schools.

Full-time programs in barbering and cosmetology usually last 9 months and may lead to an associate degree, but training for manicurists and pedicurists and skin care specialists requires significantly less time. Makeup artists can attend schools that specialize in this subject, but it is not required. Shampooers generally do not need formal training. Most professionals take advanced courses in hairstyling or other personal appearance services to keep up with the latest trends. They also may take courses in sales and marketing.

During their first weeks on the job, new workers may be given relatively simple tasks. Once they have demonstrated their skills, they are gradually permitted to perform more complicated procedures, such as coloring hair. As they continue to work in the field, more training usually is required to help workers learn the techniques particular to each salon and to build on the basics learned in cosmetology school. Personal appearance workers attend training at salons, cosmetology schools, or industry trade shows throughout their careers.

Licensure. All States require barbers, cosmetologists, and other personal appearance workers to be licensed, with the exceptions of shampooers and makeup artists. Qualifications for a license vary by State, but generally a person must have a high school diploma or GED, be at least 16 years old, and have graduated from a State-licensed barber or cosmetology school. After graduating from a State approved training program, students take a State licensing examination. The exam consists of a written test and, in some cases, a practical test of styling skills or an oral examination. In many States, cosmetology training may be credited toward a barbering license, and vice versa, and a few States combine the two licenses. Most States require separate licensing examinations for manicurists, pedicurists, and skin care specialists.

Some States have reciprocity agreements that allow licensed barbers and cosmetologists to obtain a license in a different State without additional formal training, but such agreements are uncommon. Consequently, persons who wish to work in a particular State should review the laws of that State before entering a training program.

Other qualifications. Successful personal appearance workers should have an understanding of fashion, art, and technical design. They also must keep a neat personal appearance and a clean work area. Interpersonal skills, image, and attitude play an important role in career success. As client retention and retail sales become an increasingly important part of salons' revenue, the ability to be an effective salesperson becomes ever more vital for salon workers. Some cosmetology schools consider "people skills" to be such an integral part of the job that they require coursework in that area. Business skills are important for those who plan to operate their own salons.

Advancement. Advancement usually takes the form of higher earnings as barbers and cosmetologists gain experience and build a steady clientele. Some barbers and cosmetologists manage salons, lease booth space in salons, or open their own salons after several years of experience. Others teach in barber or cosmetology schools or provide training through vocational schools. Still others advance to become sales representatives, image or fashion consultants, or examiners for State licensing boards.

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Most cities now require that fireman be both a paramedic and certified as at least firefighter level 1 just to get hired. It depends on the location. Check with your local department or city hall.
Most fire fighters have a high school diploma; however, the completion of community college courses or, in some cases, an associate's degree, in fire science may improve an applicant's chances for a job. A number of colleges and universities offer courses leading to 2-year or 4-year degrees in fire engineering or fire science. In recent years, an increasing proportion of new fire fighters have had some education after high school.

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