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Computer Programming
A category for questions about computer programming and programming languages.
10,506 Questions
What does it mean to be object oriented?
Object-oriented programming is an extension of structured programming (and, previously, procedural programming). An object essentially combines a data set and the procedures that can act upon that data into a single entity. The object can be declared to expose as much or as little of the actual data outside of the class, thus minimising the potential for invalidating the data.
The procedures (member methods) that act upon the data (member variables) generally include: mutators to set the data and, optionally, to validate incoming data; operations to modify the data in a controlled manner and; accessors to retrieve the data (either the data itself or, more commonly, a copy of the data). In addition, constructors allow the data to be initialised in a uniform manner while a destructor can be used to clean up any memory allocations used by the class.
Consumers of an object need not concern themselves with how the data is physically stored within the object, nor in how it is manipulated by the object. Consumers are only concerned with setting the data, modifying the data and retrieving the data. The object itself takes all responsibility for ensuring the data remains in a valid state at all times, and safely hides it from potential harm outside of the object.
As with structured programming, highly complex data structures can be created whereby objects contain other objects as data members. Objects may also contain lists (arrays, vectors, etc) of objects as members, allowing vast trees and forests of objects to be created and manipulated in a highly-controlled manner (the implementations being defined by the individual objects themselves).
Objects may also inherit members of existing objects to create new objects, vastly reducing the need for duplicate code, and therefore reducing the maintenance overhead. In addition, when an inefficiency comes to light, implementations can be modified to improve the efficiency without the risk of breaking code outside of the object.
In a nutshell, object oriented programming allows us to model real-world objects in as much or as little detail as we require, in ways that would have been difficult using procedural programming methods alone. It is not a magic bullet for every problem a developer might face. Selecting the right tool for the job should always be the first consideration, but when it is appropriate to use OOP and the underlying object designs are sound, the end result will be highly robust code that is considerably easier to maintain than the equivalent procedural code would have been.
Problems when converting word to pdf files?
what the detail of issue is? or you can try another tool such as Tweak All To PDF 3.0 Converter, It is a cost-effective and competent tool. t supports encrypted files and preserves text, layouts, images and hyperlinks well.
http://www.tweakpdf.com/all-to-pdf.html
How would the logical OR appear in code?
Negative or operation logic is anoperation on one logical value, typically the value of a proposition, that produces a value of true when its operand is false and a value of falsewhen its operand is true. Is this the Definition you were looking for???
What does high level of arousal do to your body?
In Males:
1. Heart rate increases.
2. Breathing may become deeper.
3. Penis becomes erect.
4. Nipples become more rigid.
5. Person may become more happy or excited.
I think that's all. If theres more I can't think of them right now, but they are the most common changes that occur.
Why you use function prototype and function definition in c language program?
Prototypes and definitions are usually kept separate because consumers of functions and classes are not remotely interested in the implementation of the functions or classes, only in their signatures. In some cases, the implementations will be contained in a library (lib) so the implementation source code may not even be available to consumers.
By keeping the prototypes in a separate header, consumers simply need to include the header to make use of the declarations it contains, just as if they'd written all the forward declarations themselves (that is in fact what it means to include a file in your source files). The prototype alone is sufficient to determine how the function or class is used, and the header usually includes documentation either in the header itself or as a separate file. However consumers are only concerned with what a function or class does, not how they do it, so the implementation itself is of little importance.
Solution of pascal's triangle using for loop?
the logic i have used is nCr => n!/(r!*(n-r)!) for example the outer loop counter is 'n' and the inner loop counter is 'r' , then the corresponding element of the pascal's triangle will be nCr. keep in mind that both the loops will have to start from zero. #include<stdio.h> main()
{
int num,i,j,k,space;
int difffact=1,diff,n,r,x,y,comb=0,nfact=1,rfact=1;
printf("please enter the number of lines\n");
scanf("%d",&num); k=num-1;
space=num-1;
for(i=0;i<num;i++)
{
k=space--;
for(;k>0;k--)
{
printf(" ");
}
for(j=0;j<=i;j++)
{
comb=0;
nfact=1;
rfact=1;
difffact=1; for(n=i;n>=1;n--)
nfact=nfact*n; for(r=j;r>=1;r--)
rfact=rfact*r; diff=i-j;
for(;diff>=1;diff--)
difffact=difffact*diff; comb=(nfact/(rfact*difffact));
printf("%d ",comb);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
How old do you have to be to make a video game?
To make one professionally, it depends on the labour laws of the jurisdiction where the company is located. To make one as a hobby, there is no minimum age, as long as you are old enough to use a computer and know how to program a video game or use software to automate the process.
What is the difference between programming and debugging?
Programming is the process of creating code. Debugging is the process of fixing problems in existing code.
#include
void main ()
{
int i = 0; // This is initialising variables.
int n = 0;
int n2 = 0;
printf("n\t\tn^2\t\t\n______________________________\n"); // This creates the top line of the table, the "____" creates a line, the \t tabs across to create the headers making the heading look neater and more presentable.
for (i=0; i<=10; i=(i+1)) //setting conditions for loop
{
n2 = (i*i); // This is creating the second variable n2.
printf("%d\t\t%d\t\t\n", i, n2); // assigning variables n and n2 to rows.
}
system("pause"); // Pausing the program so I can view it in the execution window.
}
That should be it but correct me if im wrong.
What is the name of a popular personal finance program?
Personal finance software helps you balance your chckbook and manage your finances.
What are the advantages of structures of C language?
we can create a program which is useful for others and can resolve the problem in less time
If you're talking about "traditional" AI programming languages like LISP and Prolog, the essential difference boils down to the language's ruling metaphor.
Most standard programming languages operate on a principle of sequential and/or branching instruction execution.
OTOH, the LISt Processing language (LIST) encourages its programmers to view everything (all solutions to programming problems) in the form of one or many lists.
Prolog is perhaps the furthest evolution to date away from the standard, sequential-instruction programming model: in Prolog, the programmer does not explicitly spell out the sequence of operations (a.k.a., "procedure," hence "procedural languages") needed to solve a problem; instead, the problem is simply declared (hence, "declarative language"), and the language itself (or rather the engine implementing it) seeks out the solution.
Nowadays, though, you'll find AI being implemented in any number of standard procedural languages -- C++, Java, even scripting languages like Perl and Python.
Types of programming languages their merits and demerits?
Binary-Incredibly fast and difficult, just 1s and 0s.
Assembly-Very fast and a tiny bit less difficult, it's still incredibly hard to understand.
Compiled-Easy-ish to understand, fast, and reliable, good for big projects.
Byte-Code-Easy, medium-fast and reliable, also good for big projects.
Interpreted-Very easy, will take you a day or 2 to learn the basics, very useful for math class ;).
Markup-A newborn baby could code this with ease, just for static webpages mostly.
What is the disadvantages of a stock control system?
There are almost as many disadvantages of a stock control system as there are advantages. The disadvantages of a stock control system are: expense, staff training is needed, incoming stock updates can be forgotten, equipment breakdown, and breakages and theft must be accounted for to keep stock levels accurate.
Shell script to check if a string is a palindrome?
len=0
i=1
echo -n "Enter a String: "
read str
len=`echo $str | wc -c`
len=`expr $len - 1`
halfLen=`expr $len / 2`
while [ $i -le $halfLen ]
do
c1=`echo $str|cut -c$i`
c2=`echo $str|cut -c$len`
if [ $c1 != $c2 ] ; then
echo "string is not palindrome"
exit
fi
i=`expr $i + 1`
len=`expr $len - 1`
done
echo "String is Palindrome"
What does Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code mean?
Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code is a programming language developed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in the mid-1960s at Dartmouth College, commonly called by its acronym, BASIC.
Sourcebasic simple programming language" class='external' title="http://www. s.com/topic/basic simple programming languageYou are comparing two entirely unrelated units of measure. You might as well ask how many days there are in PI for all the sense it makes to compare minutes to megabytes.
circle,whirl,first,birds,twirl, those are some ir words
What is the job title of a person who writes and test computer programs?
The person who writes a computer program is called a programmer.
Programmers also typically handle some part of testing, the so-called unit test. Unit testing involves testing a small unit of code in relative isolation, and not necessarily as part of a complete and much larger system.
The person who designs the computer program and its chief principles and algorithms is called a software designer or software architect.
The general term for programmers and architects is software engineer.
The person testing a whole program, within the complete infrastructure, with different operating system versions or user languages, use-cases and whichever other important variation the program is expected to handle, is called a software test engineer or system test engineer.
In larger organizations, one (or more) people are responsible for each of these roles. In smaller organizations, programmer and architect are often the same person, but it is always preferable to have different person design and execute the system testing. In very small organizations, a single person may have to handle all these tasks.
What are subscripts in c language?
Subscripts are used when accessing arrays. An array is a contiguous block of memory containing two or more elements of the same type. Since each element is the same length, it is trivial to work out the offset address of one element relative to another using a zero-based index. For any type T, the type T[n] is an array of Ts with indices in the range 0 to n-1. We can also create arrays at runtime by allocating sufficient memory on the heap for the given type:
void f(int n) {
if (n<1) return; // cannot allocate 0 elements!
int* ptr = malloc (n * sizeof(int)); // allocate memory for n integers
if (ptr!=0) return; // ensure memory was allocated!
ptr[0] = 42; // use subscript operator to assign a value to the first element
// assign to other elements...
// use array...
free (ptr); // release memory as soon as we're finished with it
}
